{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:25:28Z","timestamp":1776439528249,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical and histopathological features of glossitis in dogs and determine its clinical-pathological correlation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records and pathology reports of dogs diagnosed with glossitis at the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, were reviewed (2009 to 2024). Dogs diagnosed with glossitis that was confirmed histologically were included in the study. Dogs that had concurrent histological diagnosis of lingual neoplasia were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>100 dogs were included. Awake oral examination failed to detect 55% of the glossitis lesions. Six inciting causes of glossitis were identified, with trauma and idiopathy being the most common causes, followed by inflammatory causes (associated with concurrent local oral or dental disease), oral manifestations of systemic disease (other than immune-mediated or autoimmune etiology), immune-mediated or autoimmune causes, and foreign body. Pooled data revealed that glossitis commonly presented as either a unilateral or bilateral solitary lesion, affecting the ventral surface of the middle or rostral third of the tongue. The predominant histological features were chronic, severe ulcerative or erosive neutrophilic inflammation, myodegeneration, and fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glossitis may be presented as a primary disease or manifestation of underlying systemic conditions. The appearance and presentation of different causes of glossitis can be similar; hence, additional clinical information and ancillary testing should be applied to determine the pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study emphasizes the importance of integration of clinical-pathological data in a multidisciplinary approach for accurate diagnosis and proper treatment planning to optimize clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.10.0705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T16:38:40Z","timestamp":1768408720000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glossitis in dogs arises from diverse etiologies but shows predominantly chronic ulcerative pathology and low clinical detection rates"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Ching Ching Shirley","family":"Kot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service, CityU Veterinary Medical Centre, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Vapniarsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"},{"name":"Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boaz","family":"Arzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"},{"name":"Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Soltero-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"},{"name":"Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Rec.","first-page":"213","article-title":"Papular-like glossitis in a dog with leishmaniosis","volume":"156","author":"Foglia Manzillo V","year":"2005","unstructured":"Foglia Manzillo V, Pagano A, Paciello O, Di Muccio T, Gradoni L, Oliva G. Papular-like glossitis in a dog with leishmaniosis. Vet Rec. 2005;156(7):213\u2013215. doi:10.1136\/vr.156.7.213"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref2","series-title":"Can Vet J.","first-page":"825","article-title":"Glossitis in an older non-Corgi dog: diagnosis and long-term follow-up","volume":"63","author":"Krenzke LR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krenzke LR, Cameron S, Pritchard JC, Webb DB, Guo LT, Shelton GD. Glossitis in an older non-Corgi dog: diagnosis and long-term follow-up. Can Vet J. 2022;63(8):825\u2013829."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Frequency of and risk factors associated with lingual lesions in dogs: 1,196 cases (1995\u20132004)","volume":"228","author":"Dennis MM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dennis MM, Ehrhart N, Duncan CG, Barnes AB, Ehrhart EJ. Frequency of and risk factors associated with lingual lesions in dogs: 1,196 cases (1995\u20132004). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228(10):1533\u20131537. doi:10.2460\/javma.228.10.1533"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest.","first-page":"176","article-title":"A retrospective study of lingual lesions in 793 dogs and 406 cats at the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 2010\u20132020","volume":"37","author":"Riker J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Riker J, Rissi DR. A retrospective study of lingual lesions in 793 dogs and 406 cats at the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 2010\u20132020. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2025;37(1):176\u2013183. doi:10.1177\/10406387241278888"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Vet Dent.","first-page":"151","article-title":"Lingual lesions in the dog and cat: recognition, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Buelow ME","year":"2011","unstructured":"Buelow ME, Marretta SM, Barger A, Lichtensteiger C. Lingual lesions in the dog and cat: recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. J Vet Dent. 2011;28(3):151\u2013162. doi:10.1177\/089875641102800302"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Vet Dent.","first-page":"16","article-title":"Anatomy, diagnosis and management of disorders of the tongue","volume":"10","author":"Lobprise HB","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lobprise HB, Wiggs RB. Anatomy, diagnosis and management of disorders of the tongue. J Vet Dent. 1993;10(1):16\u201323. doi:10.1177\/089875649301000102"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Veterinary Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology","first-page":"49","article-title":"Inflammatory lesions of the oral mucosa and jaws","author":"Murphy BG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murphy BG, Bell CM, Soukup JW. Inflammatory lesions of the oral mucosa and jaws. In: Murphy BG, Bell CM, Soukup JW, eds. Veterinary Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2019:49\u201377. doi:10.1002\/9781119221296.ch5"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Front Vet Sci.","first-page":"1511971","article-title":"An update on oral manifestations of systemic disorders in dogs and cats","volume":"11","author":"Dosenberry C","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dosenberry C, Arzi B, Palm C, Vapniarsky N, Soltero-Rivera M. An update on oral manifestations of systemic disorders in dogs and cats. Front Vet Sci. 2025;11:1511971. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2024.1511971"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol.","first-page":"710","article-title":"Nodular granulomatous glossitis as the sole clinical sign in canine leishmaniosis","volume":"45","author":"Tangalidi MK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tangalidi MK, Oikonomidis IL, Psalla D, Papadimitriou S, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Mylonakis ME. Nodular granulomatous glossitis as the sole clinical sign in canine leishmaniosis. Vet Clin Pathol. 2016;45(4):710\u2013714. doi:10.1111\/vcp.12416"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res.","first-page":"683","article-title":"Glossitis of military working dogs in south Vietnam: histopathologic observations","volume":"36","author":"Voelker FA","year":"1975","unstructured":"Voelker FA, Stedham MA, Robinson FR, Casey HW. Glossitis of military working dogs in south Vietnam: histopathologic observations. Am J Vet Res. 1975;36(5):683\u2013687. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1975.36.05.683"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Dermatol Clin.","first-page":"123","article-title":"Glossitis and other tongue disorders","volume":"21","author":"Byrd JA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Byrd JA, Bruce AJ, Rogers RS III. Glossitis and other tongue disorders. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(1):123\u2013134. doi:10.1016\/S0733-8635(02)00057-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","series-title":"Korean J Radiol.","first-page":"37","article-title":"Radiologic-pathologic correlation of unusual lingual masses. Part I: congenital lesions","volume":"2","author":"Kim SH","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim SH, Han MH, Park SW, Chang KH. Radiologic-pathologic correlation of unusual lingual masses. Part I: congenital lesions. Korean J Radiol. 2001;2(1):37\u201341. doi:10.3348\/kjr.2001.2.1.37"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound.","first-page":"144","article-title":"Results of computed tomography in dogs with suspected wooden foreign bodies","volume":"58","author":"Lamb CR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lamb CR, Pope EH, Lee KC. Results of computed tomography in dogs with suspected wooden foreign bodies. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2017;58(2):144\u2013150. doi:10.1111\/vru.12457"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract.","first-page":"581","article-title":"Preoperative computed tomography, surgical treatment and long-term outcomes of dogs with abscesses on migrating vegetal foreign bodies and oropharyngeal stick injuries: 39 cases (2010-2021)","volume":"64","author":"Manzoni S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manzoni S, Santos M, Leveugle A,  Preoperative computed tomography, surgical treatment and long-term outcomes of dogs with abscesses on migrating vegetal foreign bodies and oropharyngeal stick injuries: 39 cases (2010-2021). J Small Anim Pract. 2023;64(9):581\u2013589. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13624"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.","first-page":"119","article-title":"Visibility of foreign bodies in soft tissue in plain radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound: an in vitro study","volume":"22","author":"Oikarinen KS","year":"1993","unstructured":"Oikarinen KS, Nieminen TM, M\u00e4k\u00e4r\u00e4inen H, Pyhtinen J. Visibility of foreign bodies in soft tissue in plain radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound: an in vitro study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993;22(2):119\u2013124. doi:10.1016\/S0901-5027(05)80818-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg.","first-page":"153","article-title":"Intraoperative ultrasound-guided retrieval of an airgun pellet from the tongue: a case report","volume":"40","author":"Sharma PK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sharma PK, Songra AK, Ng SY. Intraoperative ultrasound-guided retrieval of an airgun pellet from the tongue: a case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;40(2):153\u2013155. doi:10.1054\/bjom.2001.0733"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Top Companion Anim Med.","first-page":"100556","article-title":"Thermographic imaging in a dog with macroglossia from an encircling, strangulating lingual linear foreign body","volume":"45","author":"Angulo HL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Angulo HL, Bach J, Snyder C, Walker J. Thermographic imaging in a dog with macroglossia from an encircling, strangulating lingual linear foreign body. Top Companion Anim Med. 2021;45:100556. doi:10.1016\/j.tcam.2021.100556"},{"issue":"455","key":"ref18","series-title":"Acta Paediatr.","first-page":"56","article-title":"Animal models for mucopolysaccharidosis disorders and their clinical relevance","volume":"96","author":"Haskins ME","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haskins ME. Animal models for mucopolysaccharidosis disorders and their clinical relevance. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(455):56\u201362. doi:10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00211.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","series-title":"Pediatrics.","first-page":"e431","article-title":"Genetic causes of macroglossia: diagnostic approach","volume":"129","author":"Prada CE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prada CE, Zarate YA, Hopkin RJ. Genetic causes of macroglossia: diagnostic approach. Pediatrics. 2012;129(2):e431\u2013e437. doi:10.1542\/peds.2011-1732"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","series-title":"Microorganisms.","first-page":"47","article-title":"Overview of recent advances in canine parvovirus research: current status and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Zhou H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou H, Cui K, Su X,  Overview of recent advances in canine parvovirus research: current status and future perspectives. Microorganisms. 2024;13(1):47. doi:10.3390\/microorganisms13010047"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases","first-page":"141","article-title":"Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides","author":"Sykes JE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sykes JE. Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides. In: Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. Elsevier\/Saunders; 2014:141\u2013151. doi:10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0795-3.00014-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Pathol.","first-page":"172","article-title":"Oral fibroepithelial polyps (\u201cchewing granulomas\u201d) in 21 dogs: histomorphology, immunohistochemical characterization, and clinical outcome","volume":"60","author":"Nordio L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nordio L, Stefanello C, Gasparini S. Oral fibroepithelial polyps (\u201cchewing granulomas\u201d) in 21 dogs: histomorphology, immunohistochemical characterization, and clinical outcome. Vet Pathol. 2023;60(2):172\u2013177. doi:10.1177\/03009858221144708"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","series-title":"Contemp Clin Dent.","first-page":"113","article-title":"Uremic stomatitis","volume":"3","author":"Sudarshan R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sudarshan R, Annigeri RG, Mamatha GP, Vijayabala GS. Uremic stomatitis. Contemp Clin Dent. 2012;3(1):113\u2013115. doi:10.4103\/0976-237X.94560"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","series-title":"Pathology.","first-page":"11","article-title":"Demystifying oral epithelial dysplasia: a histological guide","volume":"56","author":"Hankinson P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hankinson P, Mahmood H, Walsh H, Speight PM, Khurram SA. Demystifying oral epithelial dysplasia: a histological guide. Pathology. 2024;56(1):11\u201323. doi:10.1016\/j.pathol.2023.10.002"},{"issue":"49","key":"ref25","series-title":"Oncotarget.","first-page":"29047","article-title":"Oral inflammation promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma invasion","volume":"9","author":"Goertzen C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goertzen C, Mahdi H, Laliberte C,  Oral inflammation promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma invasion. Oncotarget. 2018;9(49):29047\u201329063. doi:10.18632\/oncotarget.25540"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref26","series-title":"Oral Dis.","first-page":"2110","article-title":"Chronic mechanical trauma\/irritation and oral carcinoma: a systematic review showing low evidence to support an association","volume":"28","author":"Pentenero M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pentenero M, Azzi L, Lodi G, Manfredi M, Varoni E. Chronic mechanical trauma\/irritation and oral carcinoma: a systematic review showing low evidence to support an association. Oral Dis. 2022;28(8):2110\u20132118. doi:10.1111\/odi.14049"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref27","series-title":"Biomedicines.","first-page":"2024","article-title":"Oral cavity cancer secondary to dental trauma: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Chiesa-Estomba CM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chiesa-Estomba CM, Mayo-Yanez M, Vaira LA,  Oral cavity cancer secondary to dental trauma: a scoping review. Biomedicines. 2024;12(9):2024. doi:10.3390\/biomedicines12092024"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Front Vet Sci.","first-page":"1564674","article-title":"Co-occurrence of feline chronic gingivostomatitis and oral squamous cell carcinoma in 4 cats (2014-2024)","volume":"12","author":"Tsugawa AJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tsugawa AJ, Soltero-Rivera MM, Goldschmidt S,  Co-occurrence of feline chronic gingivostomatitis and oral squamous cell carcinoma in 4 cats (2014-2024). Front Vet Sci. 2025;12:1564674. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2025.1564674"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Rec.","first-page":"213","article-title":"Papular-like glossitis in a dog with leishmaniosis","volume":"156","author":"Foglia Manzillo V","year":"2005","unstructured":"Foglia Manzillo V, Pagano A, Paciello O, Di Muccio T, Gradoni L, Oliva G. Papular-like glossitis in a dog with leishmaniosis. Vet Rec. 2005;156(7):213\u2013215. doi:10.1136\/vr.156.7.213"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref2","series-title":"Can Vet J.","first-page":"825","article-title":"Glossitis in an older non-Corgi dog: diagnosis and long-term follow-up","volume":"63","author":"Krenzke LR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krenzke LR, Cameron S, Pritchard JC, Webb DB, Guo LT, Shelton GD. Glossitis in an older non-Corgi dog: diagnosis and long-term follow-up. Can Vet J. 2022;63(8):825\u2013829."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Frequency of and risk factors associated with lingual lesions in dogs: 1,196 cases (1995\u20132004)","volume":"228","author":"Dennis MM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dennis MM, Ehrhart N, Duncan CG, Barnes AB, Ehrhart EJ. Frequency of and risk factors associated with lingual lesions in dogs: 1,196 cases (1995\u20132004). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228(10):1533\u20131537. doi:10.2460\/javma.228.10.1533"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest.","first-page":"176","article-title":"A retrospective study of lingual lesions in 793 dogs and 406 cats at the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 2010\u20132020","volume":"37","author":"Riker J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Riker J, Rissi DR. A retrospective study of lingual lesions in 793 dogs and 406 cats at the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 2010\u20132020. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2025;37(1):176\u2013183. doi:10.1177\/10406387241278888"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Vet Dent.","first-page":"151","article-title":"Lingual lesions in the dog and cat: recognition, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Buelow ME","year":"2011","unstructured":"Buelow ME, Marretta SM, Barger A, Lichtensteiger C. Lingual lesions in the dog and cat: recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. J Vet Dent. 2011;28(3):151\u2013162. doi:10.1177\/089875641102800302"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Vet Dent.","first-page":"16","article-title":"Anatomy, diagnosis and management of disorders of the tongue","volume":"10","author":"Lobprise HB","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lobprise HB, Wiggs RB. Anatomy, diagnosis and management of disorders of the tongue. J Vet Dent. 1993;10(1):16\u201323. doi:10.1177\/089875649301000102"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Veterinary Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology","first-page":"49","article-title":"Inflammatory lesions of the oral mucosa and jaws","author":"Murphy BG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murphy BG, Bell CM, Soukup JW. Inflammatory lesions of the oral mucosa and jaws. In: Murphy BG, Bell CM, Soukup JW, eds. Veterinary Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2019:49\u201377. doi:10.1002\/9781119221296.ch5"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Front Vet Sci.","first-page":"1511971","article-title":"An update on oral manifestations of systemic disorders in dogs and cats","volume":"11","author":"Dosenberry C","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dosenberry C, Arzi B, Palm C, Vapniarsky N, Soltero-Rivera M. An update on oral manifestations of systemic disorders in dogs and cats. Front Vet Sci. 2025;11:1511971. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2024.1511971"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol.","first-page":"710","article-title":"Nodular granulomatous glossitis as the sole clinical sign in canine leishmaniosis","volume":"45","author":"Tangalidi MK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tangalidi MK, Oikonomidis IL, Psalla D, Papadimitriou S, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Mylonakis ME. Nodular granulomatous glossitis as the sole clinical sign in canine leishmaniosis. Vet Clin Pathol. 2016;45(4):710\u2013714. doi:10.1111\/vcp.12416"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res.","first-page":"683","article-title":"Glossitis of military working dogs in south Vietnam: histopathologic observations","volume":"36","author":"Voelker FA","year":"1975","unstructured":"Voelker FA, Stedham MA, Robinson FR, Casey HW. Glossitis of military working dogs in south Vietnam: histopathologic observations. Am J Vet Res. 1975;36(5):683\u2013687. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1975.36.05.683"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Dermatol Clin.","first-page":"123","article-title":"Glossitis and other tongue disorders","volume":"21","author":"Byrd JA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Byrd JA, Bruce AJ, Rogers RS III. Glossitis and other tongue disorders. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(1):123\u2013134. doi:10.1016\/S0733-8635(02)00057-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","series-title":"Korean J Radiol.","first-page":"37","article-title":"Radiologic-pathologic correlation of unusual lingual masses. Part I: congenital lesions","volume":"2","author":"Kim SH","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim SH, Han MH, Park SW, Chang KH. Radiologic-pathologic correlation of unusual lingual masses. Part I: congenital lesions. Korean J Radiol. 2001;2(1):37\u201341. doi:10.3348\/kjr.2001.2.1.37"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound.","first-page":"144","article-title":"Results of computed tomography in dogs with suspected wooden foreign bodies","volume":"58","author":"Lamb CR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lamb CR, Pope EH, Lee KC. Results of computed tomography in dogs with suspected wooden foreign bodies. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2017;58(2):144\u2013150. doi:10.1111\/vru.12457"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract.","first-page":"581","article-title":"Preoperative computed tomography, surgical treatment and long-term outcomes of dogs with abscesses on migrating vegetal foreign bodies and oropharyngeal stick injuries: 39 cases (2010-2021)","volume":"64","author":"Manzoni S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manzoni S, Santos M, Leveugle A,  Preoperative computed tomography, surgical treatment and long-term outcomes of dogs with abscesses on migrating vegetal foreign bodies and oropharyngeal stick injuries: 39 cases (2010-2021). J Small Anim Pract. 2023;64(9):581\u2013589. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13624"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.","first-page":"119","article-title":"Visibility of foreign bodies in soft tissue in plain radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound: an in vitro study","volume":"22","author":"Oikarinen KS","year":"1993","unstructured":"Oikarinen KS, Nieminen TM, M\u00e4k\u00e4r\u00e4inen H, Pyhtinen J. Visibility of foreign bodies in soft tissue in plain radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound: an in vitro study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993;22(2):119\u2013124. doi:10.1016\/S0901-5027(05)80818-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg.","first-page":"153","article-title":"Intraoperative ultrasound-guided retrieval of an airgun pellet from the tongue: a case report","volume":"40","author":"Sharma PK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sharma PK, Songra AK, Ng SY. Intraoperative ultrasound-guided retrieval of an airgun pellet from the tongue: a case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;40(2):153\u2013155. doi:10.1054\/bjom.2001.0733"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Top Companion Anim Med.","first-page":"100556","article-title":"Thermographic imaging in a dog with macroglossia from an encircling, strangulating lingual linear foreign body","volume":"45","author":"Angulo HL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Angulo HL, Bach J, Snyder C, Walker J. Thermographic imaging in a dog with macroglossia from an encircling, strangulating lingual linear foreign body. 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Pediatrics. 2012;129(2):e431\u2013e437. doi:10.1542\/peds.2011-1732"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","series-title":"Microorganisms.","first-page":"47","article-title":"Overview of recent advances in canine parvovirus research: current status and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Zhou H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou H, Cui K, Su X,  Overview of recent advances in canine parvovirus research: current status and future perspectives. Microorganisms. 2024;13(1):47. doi:10.3390\/microorganisms13010047"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases","first-page":"141","article-title":"Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides","author":"Sykes JE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sykes JE. Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides. In: Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. 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