{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T18:05:10Z","timestamp":1784570710472,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe demographics, imaging characteristics, diagnosis, and outcome for dogs undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy for an incidental adrenal mass (In-AM), compare findings in dogs with In-AMs against those with clinical adrenal masses (Cl-AMs), and identify preoperative indicators of histologic diagnosis for dogs with In-AMs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective study of 214 dogs undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Demographics, imaging characteristics, and histologic findings were compared for dogs with In-AMs versus Cl-AMs. Survival to discharge was determined for dogs with In-AMs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In-AMs were identified in 61 of 214 dogs (28.5%). Age and body weight were similar to dogs with Cl-AMs. In-AMs were more likely to be pheochromocytomas than Cl-AMs (32.8% vs 8.5%; OR, 5.25 [95% CI, 2.43 to 11.35]). Vascular invasion was highly suggestive of a medullary rather than a cortical lesion (OR, 11.31 [95% CI, 3.03 to 36.42]). Maximal mass dimension (MMD) for In-AMs was similar for pheochromocytomas, cortical carcinomas, and cortical adenomas, but smaller dogs were more likely to have a carcinoma or pheochromocytoma. A total of 20 In-AMs had MMD \u2264 2 cm, 8 of which had vascular invasion. However, 6 of 11 small, noninvasive In-AMs were malignant (3 carcinoma) or had malignant\/invasive potential (3 pheochromocytoma). Two dogs with In-AMs (3.3%) died from complications related to adrenalectomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In-AMs were routinely malignant or had malignant\/invasive potential, irrespective of size. Vascular invasion was highly suggestive of pheochromocytoma. Short-term outcomes following elective laparoscopic adrenalectomy were excellent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous recommendations to monitor noninvasive In-AMs with MMD \u2264 2 cm should be reconsidered; perioperative planning should address the likelihood of pheochromocytoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.10.0708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T17:39:22Z","timestamp":1776879562000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The malignant potential of a canine incidental adrenal mass cannot be predicted by lesion size, but outcomes following laparoscopic adrenalectomy are excellent"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2840-6497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Audrey K.","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp D.","family":"Mayhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Massari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria Nervianese, Nerviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3263-6009","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Felipe Lillo","family":"Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Vina del Mar, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiaan A.","family":"van Nimwegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Van Goethem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8095-9339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ameet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","first-page":"G1","article-title":"Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors","volume":"175","author":"Fassnacht M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Bancos I,  Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175(2):G1-G34. doi:10.1530\/EJE-16-0467"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","series-title":"Endokrynol Pol","first-page":"385","article-title":"Recent guidelines for diagnostic and therapeutic management of accidentally detected adrenal tumours (incidentaloma) in adults","volume":"75","author":"Janiak K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Janiak K, J\u00f3zwik-Plebanek K, Kami\u0144ski G. Recent guidelines for diagnostic and therapeutic management of accidentally detected adrenal tumours (incidentaloma) in adults. Endokrynol Pol. 2024;75(4):385-394. doi:10.5603\/ep.100278"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Clinical findings in dogs with incidental adrenal gland lesions determined by ultrasonography: 151 cases (2007-2010)","volume":"244","author":"Cook AK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cook AK, Spaulding KA, Edwards JF. Clinical findings in dogs with incidental adrenal gland lesions determined by ultrasonography: 151 cases (2007-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2014;244(10):1181-1185. doi:10.2460\/javma.244.10.1181"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Prevalence of adrenal gland masses as incidental findings during abdominal computed tomography in dogs: 270 cases (2013-2014)","volume":"249","author":"Baum JI","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baum JI, Boston SE, Case JB. Prevalence of adrenal gland masses as incidental findings during abdominal computed tomography in dogs: 270 cases (2013-2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2016;249(10):1165-1169. doi:10.2460\/javma.249.10.1165"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref5","series-title":"Endocr Rev","first-page":"775","article-title":"Adrenal incidentaloma","volume":"41","author":"Sherlock M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sherlock M, Scarsbrook A, Abbas A,  Adrenal incidentaloma. Endocr Rev. 2020;41(6):775-820. doi:10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa008"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref6","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1542","article-title":"Adrenal incidentaloma","volume":"384","author":"Kebebew E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kebebew E. Adrenal incidentaloma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(16):1542-1551. doi:10.1056\/NEJMcp2031112"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"312","article-title":"CT characteristics of pheochromocytoma: relevance for the evaluation of adrenal incidentaloma","volume":"104","author":"Canu L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Canu L, Van Hemert JAW, Kerstens MN,  CT characteristics of pheochromocytoma: relevance for the evaluation of adrenal incidentaloma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(2):312-318. doi:10.1210\/jc.2018-01532"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"267","article-title":"Ultrasonographic features of adrenal gland lesions in dogs can aid in diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Pagani E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pagani E, Tursi M, Lorenzi C,  Ultrasonographic features of adrenal gland lesions in dogs can aid in diagnosis. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12(1):267. doi:10.1186\/s12917-016-0895-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"153","article-title":"Comparison of computed tomographic and pathologic findings in 17 dogs with primary adrenal neoplasia","volume":"56","author":"Gregori T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gregori T, Mantis P, Benigni L, Priestnall SL, Lamb CR. Comparison of computed tomographic and pathologic findings in 17 dogs with primary adrenal neoplasia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2015;56(2):153-159. doi:10.1111\/vru.12209"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"886","article-title":"Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to characterize adrenal gland tumors in dogs","volume":"75","author":"Pey P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pey P, Rossi F, Vignoli M, Duchateau L, Marescaux L, Saunders JH. Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to characterize adrenal gland tumors in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2014;75(10):886-892. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.75.10.886"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"589","article-title":"Preoperative computed tomography features as predictors of malignancy and survival in canine adrenal tumours","volume":"23","author":"Snell WL","year":"2025","unstructured":"Snell WL, Berger AC, Spoldi E,  Preoperative computed tomography features as predictors of malignancy and survival in canine adrenal tumours. Vet Comp Oncol. 2025;23(4):589-596. doi:10.1111\/vco.70011"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"357","article-title":"Clinical safety of percutaneous ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of adrenal gland lesions in 19 dogs","volume":"59","author":"Sumner JA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sumner JA, Lacorcia L, Rose AM, Woodward AP, Carter JE. Clinical safety of percutaneous ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of adrenal gland lesions in 19 dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2018;59(6):357-363. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12829"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"626","article-title":"Safety of percutaneous ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of adrenal lesions in dogs: perception of the procedure by radiologists and presentation of 50 cases","volume":"34","author":"Pey P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pey P, Diana A, Rossi F,  Safety of percutaneous ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of adrenal lesions in dogs: perception of the procedure by radiologists and presentation of 50 cases. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(2):626-635. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15743"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"e70021","article-title":"Cytologic evaluation as a diagnostic tool to differentiate adrenocortical tumors and pheochromocytomas","volume":"39","author":"Piegols HJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Piegols HJ, Williams RW, Pathak N,  Cytologic evaluation as a diagnostic tool to differentiate adrenocortical tumors and pheochromocytomas. J Vet Intern Med. 2025;39(3):e70021. doi:10.1111\/jvim.70021"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"597","article-title":"Urinary and plasma catecholamines and metanephrines in dogs with pheochromocytoma, hypercortisolism, nonadrenal disease and in healthy dogs","volume":"29","author":"Salesov E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salesov E, Boretti FS, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS,  Urinary and plasma catecholamines and metanephrines in dogs with pheochromocytoma, hypercortisolism, nonadrenal disease and in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2015;29(2):597-602. doi:10.1111\/jvim.12569"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"173","article-title":"Reference intervals for plasma, urinary, and salivary concentrations of free metanephrines in dogs: relevance to the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma","volume":"37","author":"van den Berg MF","year":"2023","unstructured":"van den Berg MF, Kooistra HS, Grinwis GCM,  Reference intervals for plasma, urinary, and salivary concentrations of free metanephrines in dogs: relevance to the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. J Vet Intern Med. 2023;37(1):173-183. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16624"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"359","article-title":"High specificity and sensitivity of spot urine normetanephrine-to-creatinine ratios in the diagnosis of canine pheochromocytoma","volume":"263","author":"Waldron C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Waldron C, Thamm DH, Watson-Skaggs M, Vinayak A. High specificity and sensitivity of spot urine normetanephrine-to-creatinine ratios in the diagnosis of canine pheochromocytoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;263(3):359-367. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.06.0409"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref18","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"1489","article-title":"Clinical and pathological features and outcome of bilateral incidental adrenocortical carcinomas in a dog","volume":"79","author":"Nabeta R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nabeta R, Osada H, Ogawa M,  Clinical and pathological features and outcome of bilateral incidental adrenocortical carcinomas in a dog. J Vet Med Sci. 2017;79(9):1489-1493. doi:10.1292\/jvms.17-0153"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref19","series-title":"Acta Sci Vet","first-page":"417","article-title":"Incidental adrenocortical carcinoma in dogs: clinical, tomographic and histopathological. Carcinoma adrenocortical incidental em c\u00e3o: aspectos cl\u00ednicos, tomogr\u00e1ficos e histopatol\u00f3gicos","volume":"47","author":"Pelegrini NF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pelegrini NF, Gomes Lima HC, Burema MC,  Incidental adrenocortical carcinoma in dogs: clinical, tomographic and histopathological. Carcinoma adrenocortical incidental em c\u00e3o: aspectos cl\u00ednicos, tomogr\u00e1ficos e histopatol\u00f3gicos. Acta Sci Vet. 2019;47(suppl 1):417. doi:10.22456\/1679-9216.93610"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","series-title":"Pak Vet J","first-page":"532","article-title":"Adrenal incidentaloma diagnosed as a pheochromocytoma in a fifteen-year-old dog - an unexpected finding with deadly consequences","volume":"33","author":"Seixas R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seixas R, Alho AM. Adrenal incidentaloma diagnosed as a pheochromocytoma in a fifteen-year-old dog - an unexpected finding with deadly consequences. Pak Vet J. 2013;33(4):532-534."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for resection of unilateral noninvasive adrenal masses in dogs is associated with excellent outcomes in experienced centers","volume":"261","author":"Mayhew PD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mayhew PD, Massari F, Araya FL,  Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for resection of unilateral noninvasive adrenal masses in dogs is associated with excellent outcomes in experienced centers. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(12):1-8. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.03.0135"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Endocrinology","first-page":"325","article-title":"The incidentally discovered adrenal mass","author":"Meli\u00e1n C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meli\u00e1n C, P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez L. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. In: Mooney CT, Peterson ME, Shiel RE, eds. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Endocrinology. 5th ed. British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2023:325\u2013330."},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Ettinger\u2019s Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","first-page":"2028","article-title":"Non-cortisol secreting adrenocortical tumors","author":"Behrend EN","year":"2024","unstructured":"Behrend EN, Wasik B. Non-cortisol secreting adrenocortical tumors. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, Cote E, eds. Ettinger\u2019s Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2024:2028\u20132029."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref24","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"599","article-title":"Outcome in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy for small adrenal gland tumours without vascular invasion","volume":"18","author":"Cavalcanti JVJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cavalcanti JVJ, Skinner OT, Mayhew PD, Colee JC, Boston SE. Outcome in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy for small adrenal gland tumours without vascular invasion. Vet Comp Oncol. 2020;18(4):599-606. doi:10.1111\/vco.12587"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"77","article-title":"Evaluation of prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of adrenal gland tumors in dogs: 41 cases (1999-2005)","volume":"232","author":"Schwartz P","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schwartz P, Kovak JR, Koprowski A, Ludwig LL, Monette S, Bergman PJ. Evaluation of prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of adrenal gland tumors in dogs: 41 cases (1999-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;232(1):77-84. doi:10.2460\/javma.232.1.77"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref26","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1715","article-title":"Evaluation of risk factors for outcome associated with adrenal gland tumors with or without invasion of the caudal vena cava and treated via adrenalectomy in dogs: 86 cases (1993-2009)","volume":"242","author":"Barrera JS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barrera JS, Bernard F, Ehrhart EJ, Withrow SJ, Monnet E. Evaluation of risk factors for outcome associated with adrenal gland tumors with or without invasion of the caudal vena cava and treated via adrenalectomy in dogs: 86 cases (1993-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(12):1715-1721. doi:10.2460\/javma.242.12.1715"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref27","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"272","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma in dogs: 61 cases (1984-1995)","volume":"11","author":"Barthez PY","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barthez PY, Marks SL, Woo J, Feldman EC, Matteucci M. Pheochromocytoma in dogs: 61 cases (1984-1995). J Vet Intern Med. 1997;11(5):272-278. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00464.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref28","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Predictive factors and the effect of phenoxybenzamine on outcome in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma","volume":"22","author":"Herrera MA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Herrera MA, Mehl ML, Kass PH, Pascoe PJ, Feldman EC, Nelson RW. Predictive factors and the effect of phenoxybenzamine on outcome in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(6):1333-1339. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0182.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref29","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"228","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma in 50 dogs","volume":"8","author":"Gilson SD","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gilson SD, Withrow SJ, Wheeler SL, Twedt DC. Pheochromocytoma in 50 dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 1994;8(3):228-232. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03222.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref30","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"358","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy","volume":"56","author":"Zini E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zini E, Nolli S, Ferri F,  Pheochromocytoma in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy. Vet Pathol. 2019;56(3):358-368. doi:10.1177\/0300985818819174"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref31","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"442","article-title":"Ultrasonographic identification of vascular invasion by adrenal tumors in dogs","volume":"53","author":"Davis MK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Davis MK, Schochet RA, Wrigley R. Ultrasonographic identification of vascular invasion by adrenal tumors in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2012;53(4):442-445. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2011.01911.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"713","article-title":"Prediction of vascular invasion using a 7-point scale computed tomography grading system in adrenal tumors in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Pey P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pey P, Specchi S, Rossi F,  Prediction of vascular invasion using a 7-point scale computed tomography grading system in adrenal tumors in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(2):713-725. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16371"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"99","article-title":"Impact of body weight and sex in selected dog breeds on the canine adrenal gland dimensions measured by computed tomographic imaging","volume":"19","author":"B\u00fcttelmann G","year":"2023","unstructured":"B\u00fcttelmann G, Harder LK, Nolte I, Wefstaedt P. Impact of body weight and sex in selected dog breeds on the canine adrenal gland dimensions measured by computed tomographic imaging. BMC Vet Res. 2023;19(1):99. doi:10.1186\/s12917-023-03641-0"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref34","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e80","article-title":"Ultrasound evaluation of adrenal gland size in clinically healthy dogs and in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"188","author":"Meli\u00e1n C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meli\u00e1n C, P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez L, Saavedra P, Ravelo-Garc\u00eda AG, Santos Y, Jaber JR. Ultrasound evaluation of adrenal gland size in clinically healthy dogs and in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Vet Rec. 2021;188(8):e80. doi:10.1002\/vetr.80"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref35","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e27","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland-to-aorta ratio as a method of estimating adrenal size in dogs","volume":"186","author":"Agut A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agut A, Martinez M, Anson A, Soler M. Ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland-to-aorta ratio as a method of estimating adrenal size in dogs. Vet Rec. 2020;186(19):e27-e27. doi:10.1136\/vr.105188"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"317","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of adrenal gland size compared to body weight in normal dogs","volume":"56","author":"Soulsby SN","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soulsby SN, Holland M, Hudson JA, Behrend EN. Ultrasonographic evaluation of adrenal gland size compared to body weight in normal dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2015;56(3):317-326. doi:10.1111\/vru.12236"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref37","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"O70","article-title":"Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for removal of unilateral noninvasive pheochromocytomas in 10 dogs","volume":"45","author":"Pitt KA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pitt KA, Mayhew PD, Steffey MA,  Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for removal of unilateral noninvasive pheochromocytomas in 10 dogs. Vet Surg. 2016;45(suppl 1):O70-O76. doi:10.1111\/vsu.12552"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref38","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"O99","article-title":"A comparison of outcomes between laparoscopic and open adrenalectomies in dogs","volume":"50","author":"Taylor CJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taylor CJ, Monnet E. A comparison of outcomes between laparoscopic and open adrenalectomies in dogs. Vet Surg. 2021;50(suppl 1):O99-O107. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13565"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1156801","article-title":"Laparoscopic vs. open adrenalectomy: perioperative data and survival analysis in 70 dogs with an adrenal tumor","volume":"10","author":"van Bokhorst KL","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Bokhorst KL, Galac S, Kooistra HS,  Laparoscopic vs. open adrenalectomy: perioperative data and survival analysis in 70 dogs with an adrenal tumor. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1156801. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1156801"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref40","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"501","article-title":"Clinical features, outcome and prognostic factors in dogs diagnosed with non-cortisol-secreting adrenal tumours without adrenalectomy: 20 cases (1994-2009)","volume":"173","author":"Arenas C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arenas C, P\u00e9rez-Alenza D, Meli\u00e1n C. Clinical features, outcome and prognostic factors in dogs diagnosed with non-cortisol-secreting adrenal tumours without adrenalectomy: 20 cases (1994-2009). Vet Rec. 2013;173(20):501-501. doi:10.1136\/vr.101691"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref41","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Outcome in dogs with invasive adrenal gland tumors that did not pursue adrenalectomy","volume":"262","author":"Fontes GS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fontes GS, Piegols HJ, Lapsley JM, Bracha S, Selmic LE. Outcome in dogs with invasive adrenal gland tumors that did not pursue adrenalectomy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(7):1-5. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.12.0689"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref42","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"490","article-title":"Indicators of malignancy of canine adrenocortical tumors: histopathology and proliferation index","volume":"41","author":"Labelle P","year":"2004","unstructured":"Labelle P, Kyles AE, Farver TB, De Cock HEV. Indicators of malignancy of canine adrenocortical tumors: histopathology and proliferation index. Vet Pathol. 2004;41(5):490-497. doi:10.1354\/vp.41-5-490"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"161","article-title":"Surgical excision of an adrenal neuroblastoma in a dog","volume":"6","author":"Mestrinho LA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mestrinho LA, Marques MI, Jesus S, Pissarra H, Peleteiro M, Ferreira A. Surgical excision of an adrenal neuroblastoma in a dog. Front Vet Sci. 2019;6:161. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2019.00161"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Tumors in Domestic Animals","first-page":"766","article-title":"Tumors of the endocrine glands","author":"Rosol TJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosol TJ, Meuten DJ. Tumors of the endocrine glands. In: Meuten DJ, ed. Tumors in Domestic Animals. 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons; 2016:766\u2013833."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/8\/javma.25.10.0708.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/8\/javma.25.10.0708.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/8\/javma.25.10.0708.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T17:47:58Z","timestamp":1784569678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/8\/javma.25.10.0708.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.10.0708","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}}}