{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:30:27Z","timestamp":1779114627172,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report the long-term outcome of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease treated with high tibial osteotomy (HTO) without arthrotomy and meniscal evaluation with the use of validated owner-reported outcome measures, report postoperative clinical management of late lameness with a meniscal-sparing approach, and compare the outcome of dogs undergoing HTO without arthrotomy with that of dogs undergoing subsequent arthrotomy and meniscectomy for late lameness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective review (March 2018 to March 2022) of preoperative clinical data and postoperative short- and long-term outcome data was conducted. Late lameness was defined as acute lameness occurring after the expected normal postoperative return to function, managed with a meniscal-sparing approach. Owner-reported outcome was compared between dogs that had undergone late meniscectomy and dogs that had not undergone stifle exploration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 191 dogs (236 stifles) undergoing HTO without concurrent stifle exploration. Late lameness was recorded in 37 stifles (15.7%) at a median of 141 days (IQR, 97 to 189 days) postoperatively. Resolution of lameness was achieved in 24 stifles with meniscal-sparing nonsurgical management. The remaining 13 stifles underwent stifle arthrotomy and meniscectomy. The overall meniscectomy rate was 13 of 236 (5.5%). There was no difference between Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs and Canine Orthopedic Index scores of dogs undergoing late meniscectomy and those not undergoing stifle exploration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term owner-reported outcome after HTO with a meniscal-sparing approach was not different from that after HTO and meniscectomy. Some late meniscal injuries may experience clinical resolution with nonsurgical management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some meniscal lesions may not be clinically significant. The need for routine stifle exploration is questionable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.11.0736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T15:49:04Z","timestamp":1769615344000},"page":"692-699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term outcome of high tibial osteotomy for canine cranial cruciate ligament disease without stifle exploration: an observational study of 236 stifles"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Rhys","family":"Treharne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank. Pet Surgeons, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-4997","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank. Pet Surgeons, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2044-3656","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Scott","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank. Pet Surgeons, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1818","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs","volume":"232","author":"Witsberger TH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Witsberger TH, Villamil JA, Schultz LG, Hahn AW, Cook JL. Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;232(12):1818-1824. doi:10.2460\/javma.232.12.1818"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"43","article-title":"A survey of orthopaedic conditions in small animal veterinary practice in Britain","volume":"9","author":"Ness MG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ness MG, Abercromby RH, May C, Turner BM, Carmichael S. A survey of orthopaedic conditions in small animal veterinary practice in Britain. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 1996;9(2):43-52. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1632502"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"296","article-title":"Value of low-field magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing meniscal tears in the canine stifle: a prospective study evaluating sensitivity and specificity in naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament deficiency with arthroscopy as the gold standard","volume":"39","author":"B\u00f6ttcher P","year":"2010","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher P, Br\u00fchschwein A, Winkels P,  Value of low-field magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing meniscal tears in the canine stifle: a prospective study evaluating sensitivity and specificity in naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament deficiency with arthroscopy as the gold standard. Vet Surg. 2010;39(3):296-305. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00650.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"460","article-title":"Predictive variables for complications after TPLO with stifle inspection by arthrotomy in 1000 consecutive dogs","volume":"39","author":"Fitzpatrick N","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick N, Solano MA. Predictive variables for complications after TPLO with stifle inspection by arthrotomy in 1000 consecutive dogs. Vet Surg. 2010;39(4):460-474. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00663.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","series-title":"BMC Res Notes","first-page":"36","article-title":"Associations between meniscal tears and various degrees of osteoarthritis among dogs undergoing TPLO for cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"16","author":"Fung C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fung C, Ficklin M, Okafor CC. Associations between meniscal tears and various degrees of osteoarthritis among dogs undergoing TPLO for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. BMC Res Notes. 2023;16(1):36. doi:10.1186\/s13104-023-06307-0"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"630","article-title":"Risk factors for medial meniscal injury in association with cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"51","author":"Hayes GM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hayes GM, Langley-Hobbs SJ, Jeffery ND. Risk factors for medial meniscal injury in association with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. J Small Anim Pract. 2010;51(12):630-634. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2010.01003.x"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"952","article-title":"Incidence and type of meniscal injury and associated long-term clinical outcomes in dogs treated surgically for cranial cruciate ligament disease","volume":"43","author":"Ritzo ME","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ritzo ME, Ritzo BA, Siddens AD, Summerlott S, Cook JL. Incidence and type of meniscal injury and associated long-term clinical outcomes in dogs treated surgically for cranial cruciate ligament disease. Vet Surg. 2014;43(8):952-958. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12220.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1601","article-title":"Arthroscopic evaluation of menisci in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament injuries: 100 cases (1999-2000)","volume":"221","author":"Ralphs SC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ralphs SC, Whitney WO. Arthroscopic evaluation of menisci in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament injuries: 100 cases (1999-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221(11):1601-1604. doi:10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1601"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"705","article-title":"Effect of meniscal release on rate of subsequent meniscal tears and owner-assessed outcome in dogs with cruciate disease treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy","volume":"35","author":"Thieman KM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thieman KM, Tomlinson JL, Fox DB, Cook C, Cook JL. Effect of meniscal release on rate of subsequent meniscal tears and owner-assessed outcome in dogs with cruciate disease treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Vet Surg. 2006;35(8):705-710. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00214.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"739","article-title":"Comparison of complication rates and clinical outcome between tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and a modified cranial closing wedge osteotomy for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs","volume":"42","author":"Oxley B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oxley B, Gemmill TJ, Renwick AR, Clements DN, McKee WM. Comparison of complication rates and clinical outcome between tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and a modified cranial closing wedge osteotomy for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs. Vet Surg. 2013;42(6):739-750. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.12033.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"118","article-title":"An evaluation of three different cranial cruciate ligament surgical stabilization procedures as they relate to postoperative meniscal injuries: a retrospective study of 665 stifles","volume":"8","author":"Metelman LA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Metelman LA, Schwarz PD, Salman M, Alvis MR. An evaluation of three different cranial cruciate ligament surgical stabilization procedures as they relate to postoperative meniscal injuries: a retrospective study of 665 stifles. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 1995;8(2):118-123. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1632440"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"333","article-title":"Retrospective study of 476 tibial plateau levelling osteotomy procedures: rate of subsequent \u2018pivot shift\u2019, meniscal tear and other complications","volume":"24","author":"Gatineau M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gatineau M, Dupuis J, Plant\u00e9 J, Moreau M. Retrospective study of 476 tibial plateau levelling osteotomy procedures: rate of subsequent \u2018pivot shift\u2019, meniscal tear and other complications. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2011;24(5):333-341. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-10-07-0109"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"21","article-title":"Cranial cruciate ligament repair in dogs with and without meniscal lesions treated by different minimally invasive methods","volume":"22","author":"Ertelt J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ertelt J, Fehr M. Cranial cruciate ligament repair in dogs with and without meniscal lesions treated by different minimally invasive methods. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2009;22(1):21-26. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-07-06-0063"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"227","article-title":"The effect of axial and abaxial release on meniscal displacement in the dog","volume":"18","author":"Kennedy SC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kennedy SC, Dunning D, Bischoff MG, Kuriashkin IV, Pijanowski GJ, Schaeffer DJ. The effect of axial and abaxial release on meniscal displacement in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2005;18(4):227-234. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1632959"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"8","article-title":"Pressure distributions on the medial tibial plateau after medial meniscal surgery and tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Pozzi A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pozzi A, Litsky AS, Field J, Apelt D, Meadows C, Johnson KA. Pressure distributions on the medial tibial plateau after medial meniscal surgery and tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2008;21(1):8-14. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-06-12-0099"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"489","article-title":"Effect of transection of the caudal menisco-tibial ligament on medial femorotibial contact mechanics","volume":"39","author":"Pozzi A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pozzi A, Kim SE, Lewis DD. Effect of transection of the caudal menisco-tibial ligament on medial femorotibial contact mechanics. Vet Surg. 2010;39(4):489-495. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00662.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"486","article-title":"Effect of medial meniscal release on tibial translation after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy","volume":"35","author":"Pozzi A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pozzi A, Kowaleski MP, Apelt D, Meadows C, Andrews CM, Johnson KA. Effect of medial meniscal release on tibial translation after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Vet Surg. 2006;35(5):486-494. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00180.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"482","article-title":"Femorotibial contact mechanics and meniscal strain after serial meniscectomy","volume":"39","author":"Pozzi A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pozzi A, Tonks CA, Ling HY. Femorotibial contact mechanics and meniscal strain after serial meniscectomy. Vet Surg. 2010;39(4):482-488. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00668.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"355","article-title":"Comparison of contact mechanics of three meniscal repair techniques and partial meniscectomy in cadaveric dog stifles","volume":"39","author":"Thieman KM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thieman KM, Pozzi A, Ling HY, Lewis D. Comparison of contact mechanics of three meniscal repair techniques and partial meniscectomy in cadaveric dog stifles. Vet Surg. 2010;39(3):355-362. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00661.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"59","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of meniscal injury in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture: a systematic literature review","volume":"57","author":"McCready DJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCready DJ, Ness MG. Diagnosis and management of meniscal injury in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture: a systematic literature review. J Small Anim Pract. 2016;57(2):59-66. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12433. Published correction appears in J Small Anim Pract. 2016;57(4):221."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"44","article-title":"Complications associated with 696 tibial plateau leveling osteotomies (2001-2003)","volume":"42","author":"Stauffer KD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stauffer KD, Tuttle TA, Elkins AD, Wehrenberg AP, Character BJ. Complications associated with 696 tibial plateau leveling osteotomies (2001-2003). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2006;42(1):44-50. doi:10.5326\/0420044"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"869","article-title":"Fracture of the patella after TPLO in 6 dogs","volume":"41","author":"Rutherford S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rutherford S, Bell JC, Ness MG. Fracture of the patella after TPLO in 6 dogs. Vet Surg. 2012;41(7):869-875. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.01018.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"114","article-title":"Incidence of motion loss of the stifle joint in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture surgically treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy: longitudinal clinical study of 412 cases","volume":"36","author":"Jandi AS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jandi AS, Schulman AJ. Incidence of motion loss of the stifle joint in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture surgically treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy: longitudinal clinical study of 412 cases. Vet Surg. 2007;36(2):114-121. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00226.x"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref24","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"468","article-title":"Owner assessment of the outcome of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy without meniscal evaluation for treatment of naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture: 130 cases (2009 to 2013)","volume":"58","author":"Bureau S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bureau S. Owner assessment of the outcome of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy without meniscal evaluation for treatment of naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture: 130 cases (2009 to 2013). J Small Anim Pract. 2017;58(8):468-475. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12691"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1896","article-title":"Explanation and elaboration document for the STROBE-Vet statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Veterinary Extension","volume":"30","author":"O\u2019Connor AM","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor AM, Sargeant JM, Dohoo IR,  Explanation and elaboration document for the STROBE-Vet statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Veterinary Extension. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(6):1896-1928. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14592"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"905","article-title":"Proposed definitions and criteria for reporting time frame, outcome, and complications for clinical orthopedic studies in veterinary medicine","volume":"39","author":"Cook JL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cook JL, Evans R, Conzemius MG,  Proposed definitions and criteria for reporting time frame, outcome, and complications for clinical orthopedic studies in veterinary medicine. Vet Surg. 2010;39(8):905-908. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00763.x"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref27","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"2808","article-title":"Evaluation of four clinical metrology instruments for the assessment of osteoarthritis in dogs","volume":"12","author":"Alves JC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alves JC, Santos A, Jorge P, Lavrador C, Carreira LM. Evaluation of four clinical metrology instruments for the assessment of osteoarthritis in dogs. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(20):2808. doi:10.3390\/ani12202808"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref28","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e58125","article-title":"Evaluation of construct and criterion validity for the \u2018Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs\u2019 (LOAD) clinical metrology instrument and comparison to two other instruments","volume":"8","author":"Walton MB","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walton MB, Cowderoy E, Lascelles D, Innes JF. Evaluation of construct and criterion validity for the \u2018Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs\u2019 (LOAD) clinical metrology instrument and comparison to two other instruments. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58125. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0058125"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"244","article-title":"Evidence-based evaluation of owner-reported outcome measures for canine orthopedic care: a COSMIN evaluation of 6 instruments","volume":"51","author":"Radke H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Radke H, Joeris A, Chen M. Evidence-based evaluation of owner-reported outcome measures for canine orthopedic care: a COSMIN evaluation of 6 instruments. Vet Surg. 2022;51(2):244-253. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13753"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Pandas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pandas. Version 2.2.2. Zenodo; 2020. doi:10.5281\/zenodo.3509134"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Proceedings of the Python in Science Conference","first-page":"92","article-title":"Statsmodels: econometric and statistical modeling with Python","author":"Seabold S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seabold S, Perktold J. Statsmodels: econometric and statistical modeling with Python. In: Proceedings of the Python in Science Conference. SciPy; 2010:92\u201396. doi:10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"RCVS Knowledge Canine Cruciate Registry Annual Report 2023","author":"RCVS Knowledge","unstructured":"RCVS Knowledge. RCVS Knowledge Canine Cruciate Registry Annual Report 2023. Accessed November 23, 2023. https:\/\/ccr.rcvsknowledge.org\/annual-report-2025\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"38","article-title":"Long-term functional outcome of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy versus extracapsular repair in a heterogeneous population of dogs","volume":"42","author":"Nelson SA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nelson SA, Krotscheck U, Rawlinson J, Todhunter RJ, Zhang Z, Mohammed H. Long-term functional outcome of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy versus extracapsular repair in a heterogeneous population of dogs. Vet Surg. 2013;42(1):38-50. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.01052.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"146","article-title":"Extended long-term radiographic and functional comparison of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy vs tibial tuberosity advancement for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog","volume":"49","author":"Moore EV","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moore EV, Weeren R, Paek M. Extended long-term radiographic and functional comparison of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy vs tibial tuberosity advancement for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog. Vet Surg. 2020;49(1):146-154. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13277"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref35","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"349","article-title":"Complications of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Bergh MS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bergh MS, Peirone B. Complications of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2012;25(5):349-358. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-11-09-0122"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"109","article-title":"A modified tibial compression test for the detection of meniscal injury in dogs","volume":"58","author":"Valen S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valen S, McCabe C, Maddock E, Bright S, Keeley B. A modified tibial compression test for the detection of meniscal injury in dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2017;58(2):109-114. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12619"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e4841","article-title":"Medial joint line tenderness is an indicator for meniscal injuries in dogs","volume":"197","author":"McDonald DJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"McDonald DJ, Nakahara N, Gal A, Mitchell RAS. Medial joint line tenderness is an indicator for meniscal injuries in dogs. Vet Rec. 2025;197(1):e4841. doi:10.1002\/vetr.4841"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1441329","article-title":"Relationship between the shape of the tibial plateau and femorotibial contact mechanics after meniscectomy in the canine stifle","volume":"12","author":"Pozzi A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pozzi A, Natsios P, Kim SE, Choate CJ, Conrad BP. Relationship between the shape of the tibial plateau and femorotibial contact mechanics after meniscectomy in the canine stifle. Front Vet Sci. 2025;12:1441329. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2025.1441329"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref39","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1286","article-title":"Machine-learning prediction of postoperative complications after high tibial osteotomy for canine cranial cruciate ligament disease","volume":"54","author":"Low D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Low D, Treharne R, Rutherford S. Machine-learning prediction of postoperative complications after high tibial osteotomy for canine cranial cruciate ligament disease. Vet Surg. 2025;54(7):1286-1297. doi:10.1111\/vsu.70007"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref40","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"184","article-title":"Surgical and postoperative complications associated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture: 397 cases (1998-2001)","volume":"222","author":"Pacchiana PD","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pacchiana PD, Morris E, Gillings SL, Jessen CR, Lipowitz AJ. Surgical and postoperative complications associated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture: 397 cases (1998-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;222(2):184-193. doi:10.2460\/javma.2003.222.184"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1616484","article-title":"Percutaneous extracapsular repair as a cost-effective alternative for treating cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs","volume":"12","author":"Griffon DJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Griffon DJ, Mostafa A, Griffon E, Schaeffer DJ. Percutaneous extracapsular repair as a cost-effective alternative for treating cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs. Front Vet Sci. 2025;12:1616484. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2025.1616484"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref42","series-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc","first-page":"1817","article-title":"Treatment options for the symptomatic post-meniscectomy knee","volume":"27","author":"Drobni\u010d M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drobni\u010d M, Ercin E, Gamelas J,  Treatment options for the symptomatic post-meniscectomy knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019;27(6):1817-1824. doi:10.1007\/s00167-019-05424-3"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Vet Surg","article-title":"Novel prosthetic medial meniscus restores contact pressures to native values in a meniscectomized canine stifle","author":"Fohrmann FMC","unstructured":"Fohrmann FMC, Van Minnen BS, Krauss MW,  Novel prosthetic medial meniscus restores contact pressures to native values in a meniscectomized canine stifle. Vet Surg. Published online September 9, 2025. doi:10.1111\/vsu.70009"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref44","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2220394","article-title":"ESCAPE Research Group. Effect of physical therapy vs arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in people with degenerative meniscal tears: five-year follow-up of the ESCAPE randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Noorduyn JCA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noorduyn JCA, van de Graaf VA, Willigenburg NW, ; ESCAPE Research Group. Effect of physical therapy vs arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in people with degenerative meniscal tears: five-year follow-up of the ESCAPE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(7):e2220394. doi:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.20394"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref45","series-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol","first-page":"412","article-title":"Meniscus pathology, osteoarthritis and the treatment controversy","volume":"8","author":"Englund M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Englund M, Roemer FW, Hayashi D, Crema MD, Guermazi A. Meniscus pathology, osteoarthritis and the treatment controversy. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8(7):412-419. doi:10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.69"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref46","series-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Meniscus surgery is still widely performed in the treatment of degenerative meniscus tears in The Netherlands","volume":"26","author":"Rongen JJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rongen JJ, van Tienen TG, Buma P, Hannink G. Meniscus surgery is still widely performed in the treatment of degenerative meniscus tears in The Netherlands. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(4):1123-1129. doi:10.1007\/s00167-017-4473-2"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"115","article-title":"Preactivation of the quadriceps muscle could limit cranial tibial translation in a cranial cruciate ligament deficient canine stifle","volume":"98","author":"Ramirez JM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramirez JM, Lefebvre M, B\u00f6hme B, Laurent C, Balligand M. Preactivation of the quadriceps muscle could limit cranial tibial translation in a cranial cruciate ligament deficient canine stifle. Res Vet Sci. 2015;98:115-120. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.11.012"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"105826","article-title":"Factors influencing stifle stability in canine limb press models: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"194","author":"Chaves GV","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chaves GV, Dahl KH, Nielsen MBM, Muzzi LAL, Miles JE. Factors influencing stifle stability in canine limb press models: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci. 2025;194:105826. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105826"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"13","article-title":"Comparison of radiographic arthritic changes associated with two variations of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy","volume":"18","author":"Lineberger JA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lineberger JA, Allen DA, Wilson ER,  Comparison of radiographic arthritic changes associated with two variations of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2005;18(1):13-17. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1632923"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1818","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs","volume":"232","author":"Witsberger TH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Witsberger TH, Villamil JA, Schultz LG, Hahn AW, Cook JL. Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;232(12):1818-1824. doi:10.2460\/javma.232.12.1818"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"43","article-title":"A survey of orthopaedic conditions in small animal veterinary practice in Britain","volume":"9","author":"Ness MG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ness MG, Abercromby RH, May C, Turner BM, Carmichael S. A survey of orthopaedic conditions in small animal veterinary practice in Britain. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 1996;9(2):43-52. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1632502"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"296","article-title":"Value of low-field magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing meniscal tears in the canine stifle: a prospective study evaluating sensitivity and specificity in naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament deficiency with arthroscopy as the gold standard","volume":"39","author":"B\u00f6ttcher P","year":"2010","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher P, Br\u00fchschwein A, Winkels P,  Value of low-field magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing meniscal tears in the canine stifle: a prospective study evaluating sensitivity and specificity in naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament deficiency with arthroscopy as the gold standard. Vet Surg. 2010;39(3):296-305. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00650.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"460","article-title":"Predictive variables for complications after TPLO with stifle inspection by arthrotomy in 1000 consecutive dogs","volume":"39","author":"Fitzpatrick N","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick N, Solano MA. Predictive variables for complications after TPLO with stifle inspection by arthrotomy in 1000 consecutive dogs. Vet Surg. 2010;39(4):460-474. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00663.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","series-title":"BMC Res Notes","first-page":"36","article-title":"Associations between meniscal tears and various degrees of osteoarthritis among dogs undergoing TPLO for cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"16","author":"Fung C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fung C, Ficklin M, Okafor CC. Associations between meniscal tears and various degrees of osteoarthritis among dogs undergoing TPLO for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. BMC Res Notes. 2023;16(1):36. doi:10.1186\/s13104-023-06307-0"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"630","article-title":"Risk factors for medial meniscal injury in association with cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"51","author":"Hayes GM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hayes GM, Langley-Hobbs SJ, Jeffery ND. Risk factors for medial meniscal injury in association with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. J Small Anim Pract. 2010;51(12):630-634. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2010.01003.x"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"952","article-title":"Incidence and type of meniscal injury and associated long-term clinical outcomes in dogs treated surgically for cranial cruciate ligament disease","volume":"43","author":"Ritzo ME","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ritzo ME, Ritzo BA, Siddens AD, Summerlott S, Cook JL. Incidence and type of meniscal injury and associated long-term clinical outcomes in dogs treated surgically for cranial cruciate ligament disease. Vet Surg. 2014;43(8):952-958. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12220.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1601","article-title":"Arthroscopic evaluation of menisci in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament injuries: 100 cases (1999-2000)","volume":"221","author":"Ralphs SC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ralphs SC, Whitney WO. Arthroscopic evaluation of menisci in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament injuries: 100 cases (1999-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221(11):1601-1604. doi:10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1601"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"705","article-title":"Effect of meniscal release on rate of subsequent meniscal tears and owner-assessed outcome in dogs with cruciate disease treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy","volume":"35","author":"Thieman KM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thieman KM, Tomlinson JL, Fox DB, Cook C, Cook JL. Effect of meniscal release on rate of subsequent meniscal tears and owner-assessed outcome in dogs with cruciate disease treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Vet Surg. 2006;35(8):705-710. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00214.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"739","article-title":"Comparison of complication rates and clinical outcome between tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and a modified cranial closing wedge osteotomy for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs","volume":"42","author":"Oxley B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oxley B, Gemmill TJ, Renwick AR, Clements DN, McKee WM. Comparison of complication rates and clinical outcome between tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and a modified cranial closing wedge osteotomy for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs. Vet Surg. 2013;42(6):739-750. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.12033.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"118","article-title":"An evaluation of three different cranial cruciate ligament surgical stabilization procedures as they relate to postoperative meniscal injuries: a retrospective study of 665 stifles","volume":"8","author":"Metelman LA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Metelman LA, Schwarz PD, Salman M, Alvis MR. An evaluation of three different cranial cruciate ligament surgical stabilization procedures as they relate to postoperative meniscal injuries: a retrospective study of 665 stifles. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 1995;8(2):118-123. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1632440"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"333","article-title":"Retrospective study of 476 tibial plateau levelling osteotomy procedures: rate of subsequent \u2018pivot shift\u2019, meniscal tear and other complications","volume":"24","author":"Gatineau M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gatineau M, Dupuis J, Plant\u00e9 J, Moreau M. Retrospective study of 476 tibial plateau levelling osteotomy procedures: rate of subsequent \u2018pivot shift\u2019, meniscal tear and other complications. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2011;24(5):333-341. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-10-07-0109"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"21","article-title":"Cranial cruciate ligament repair in dogs with and without meniscal lesions treated by different minimally invasive methods","volume":"22","author":"Ertelt J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ertelt J, Fehr M. Cranial cruciate ligament repair in dogs with and without meniscal lesions treated by different minimally invasive methods. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2009;22(1):21-26. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-07-06-0063"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"227","article-title":"The effect of axial and abaxial release on meniscal displacement in the dog","volume":"18","author":"Kennedy SC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kennedy SC, Dunning D, Bischoff MG, Kuriashkin IV, Pijanowski GJ, Schaeffer DJ. The effect of axial and abaxial release on meniscal displacement in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2005;18(4):227-234. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1632959"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"8","article-title":"Pressure distributions on the medial tibial plateau after medial meniscal surgery and tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Pozzi A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pozzi A, Litsky AS, Field J, Apelt D, Meadows C, Johnson KA. Pressure distributions on the medial tibial plateau after medial meniscal surgery and tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2008;21(1):8-14. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-06-12-0099"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"489","article-title":"Effect of transection of the caudal menisco-tibial ligament on medial femorotibial contact mechanics","volume":"39","author":"Pozzi A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pozzi A, Kim SE, Lewis DD. Effect of transection of the caudal menisco-tibial ligament on medial femorotibial contact mechanics. Vet Surg. 2010;39(4):489-495. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00662.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"486","article-title":"Effect of medial meniscal release on tibial translation after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy","volume":"35","author":"Pozzi A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pozzi A, Kowaleski MP, Apelt D, Meadows C, Andrews CM, Johnson KA. Effect of medial meniscal release on tibial translation after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Vet Surg. 2006;35(5):486-494. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00180.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"482","article-title":"Femorotibial contact mechanics and meniscal strain after serial meniscectomy","volume":"39","author":"Pozzi A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pozzi A, Tonks CA, Ling HY. Femorotibial contact mechanics and meniscal strain after serial meniscectomy. Vet Surg. 2010;39(4):482-488. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00668.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"355","article-title":"Comparison of contact mechanics of three meniscal repair techniques and partial meniscectomy in cadaveric dog stifles","volume":"39","author":"Thieman KM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thieman KM, Pozzi A, Ling HY, Lewis D. Comparison of contact mechanics of three meniscal repair techniques and partial meniscectomy in cadaveric dog stifles. Vet Surg. 2010;39(3):355-362. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00661.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"59","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of meniscal injury in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture: a systematic literature review","volume":"57","author":"McCready DJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCready DJ, Ness MG. Diagnosis and management of meniscal injury in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture: a systematic literature review. J Small Anim Pract. 2016;57(2):59-66. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12433. Published correction appears in J Small Anim Pract. 2016;57(4):221."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"44","article-title":"Complications associated with 696 tibial plateau leveling osteotomies (2001-2003)","volume":"42","author":"Stauffer KD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stauffer KD, Tuttle TA, Elkins AD, Wehrenberg AP, Character BJ. Complications associated with 696 tibial plateau leveling osteotomies (2001-2003). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2006;42(1):44-50. doi:10.5326\/0420044"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"869","article-title":"Fracture of the patella after TPLO in 6 dogs","volume":"41","author":"Rutherford S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rutherford S, Bell JC, Ness MG. Fracture of the patella after TPLO in 6 dogs. Vet Surg. 2012;41(7):869-875. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.01018.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"114","article-title":"Incidence of motion loss of the stifle joint in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture surgically treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy: longitudinal clinical study of 412 cases","volume":"36","author":"Jandi AS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jandi AS, Schulman AJ. Incidence of motion loss of the stifle joint in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture surgically treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy: longitudinal clinical study of 412 cases. Vet Surg. 2007;36(2):114-121. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00226.x"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref24","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"468","article-title":"Owner assessment of the outcome of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy without meniscal evaluation for treatment of naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture: 130 cases (2009 to 2013)","volume":"58","author":"Bureau S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bureau S. Owner assessment of the outcome of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy without meniscal evaluation for treatment of naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture: 130 cases (2009 to 2013). J Small Anim Pract. 2017;58(8):468-475. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12691"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1896","article-title":"Explanation and elaboration document for the STROBE-Vet statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Veterinary Extension","volume":"30","author":"O\u2019Connor AM","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor AM, Sargeant JM, Dohoo IR,  Explanation and elaboration document for the STROBE-Vet statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Veterinary Extension. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(6):1896-1928. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14592"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"905","article-title":"Proposed definitions and criteria for reporting time frame, outcome, and complications for clinical orthopedic studies in veterinary medicine","volume":"39","author":"Cook JL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cook JL, Evans R, Conzemius MG,  Proposed definitions and criteria for reporting time frame, outcome, and complications for clinical orthopedic studies in veterinary medicine. Vet Surg. 2010;39(8):905-908. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00763.x"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref27","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"2808","article-title":"Evaluation of four clinical metrology instruments for the assessment of osteoarthritis in dogs","volume":"12","author":"Alves JC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alves JC, Santos A, Jorge P, Lavrador C, Carreira LM. Evaluation of four clinical metrology instruments for the assessment of osteoarthritis in dogs. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(20):2808. doi:10.3390\/ani12202808"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref28","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e58125","article-title":"Evaluation of construct and criterion validity for the \u2018Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs\u2019 (LOAD) clinical metrology instrument and comparison to two other instruments","volume":"8","author":"Walton MB","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walton MB, Cowderoy E, Lascelles D, Innes JF. Evaluation of construct and criterion validity for the \u2018Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs\u2019 (LOAD) clinical metrology instrument and comparison to two other instruments. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58125. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0058125"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"244","article-title":"Evidence-based evaluation of owner-reported outcome measures for canine orthopedic care: a COSMIN evaluation of 6 instruments","volume":"51","author":"Radke H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Radke H, Joeris A, Chen M. Evidence-based evaluation of owner-reported outcome measures for canine orthopedic care: a COSMIN evaluation of 6 instruments. Vet Surg. 2022;51(2):244-253. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13753"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Pandas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pandas. Version 2.2.2. Zenodo; 2020. doi:10.5281\/zenodo.3509134"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Proceedings of the Python in Science Conference","first-page":"92","article-title":"Statsmodels: econometric and statistical modeling with Python","author":"Seabold S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seabold S, Perktold J. Statsmodels: econometric and statistical modeling with Python. In: Proceedings of the Python in Science Conference. SciPy; 2010:92\u201396. doi:10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"RCVS Knowledge Canine Cruciate Registry Annual Report 2023","author":"RCVS Knowledge","unstructured":"RCVS Knowledge. RCVS Knowledge Canine Cruciate Registry Annual Report 2023. Accessed November 23, 2023. https:\/\/ccr.rcvsknowledge.org\/annual-report-2025\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"38","article-title":"Long-term functional outcome of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy versus extracapsular repair in a heterogeneous population of dogs","volume":"42","author":"Nelson SA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nelson SA, Krotscheck U, Rawlinson J, Todhunter RJ, Zhang Z, Mohammed H. Long-term functional outcome of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy versus extracapsular repair in a heterogeneous population of dogs. Vet Surg. 2013;42(1):38-50. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.01052.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"146","article-title":"Extended long-term radiographic and functional comparison of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy vs tibial tuberosity advancement for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog","volume":"49","author":"Moore EV","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moore EV, Weeren R, Paek M. Extended long-term radiographic and functional comparison of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy vs tibial tuberosity advancement for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog. Vet Surg. 2020;49(1):146-154. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13277"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref35","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"349","article-title":"Complications of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Bergh MS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bergh MS, Peirone B. Complications of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2012;25(5):349-358. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-11-09-0122"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"109","article-title":"A modified tibial compression test for the detection of meniscal injury in dogs","volume":"58","author":"Valen S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valen S, McCabe C, Maddock E, Bright S, Keeley B. A modified tibial compression test for the detection of meniscal injury in dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2017;58(2):109-114. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12619"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e4841","article-title":"Medial joint line tenderness is an indicator for meniscal injuries in dogs","volume":"197","author":"McDonald DJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"McDonald DJ, Nakahara N, Gal A, Mitchell RAS. Medial joint line tenderness is an indicator for meniscal injuries in dogs. Vet Rec. 2025;197(1):e4841. doi:10.1002\/vetr.4841"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1441329","article-title":"Relationship between the shape of the tibial plateau and femorotibial contact mechanics after meniscectomy in the canine stifle","volume":"12","author":"Pozzi A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pozzi A, Natsios P, Kim SE, Choate CJ, Conrad BP. Relationship between the shape of the tibial plateau and femorotibial contact mechanics after meniscectomy in the canine stifle. Front Vet Sci. 2025;12:1441329. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2025.1441329"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref39","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1286","article-title":"Machine-learning prediction of postoperative complications after high tibial osteotomy for canine cranial cruciate ligament disease","volume":"54","author":"Low D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Low D, Treharne R, Rutherford S. Machine-learning prediction of postoperative complications after high tibial osteotomy for canine cranial cruciate ligament disease. Vet Surg. 2025;54(7):1286-1297. doi:10.1111\/vsu.70007"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref40","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"184","article-title":"Surgical and postoperative complications associated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture: 397 cases (1998-2001)","volume":"222","author":"Pacchiana PD","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pacchiana PD, Morris E, Gillings SL, Jessen CR, Lipowitz AJ. Surgical and postoperative complications associated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture: 397 cases (1998-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;222(2):184-193. doi:10.2460\/javma.2003.222.184"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1616484","article-title":"Percutaneous extracapsular repair as a cost-effective alternative for treating cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs","volume":"12","author":"Griffon DJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Griffon DJ, Mostafa A, Griffon E, Schaeffer DJ. Percutaneous extracapsular repair as a cost-effective alternative for treating cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs. Front Vet Sci. 2025;12:1616484. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2025.1616484"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref42","series-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc","first-page":"1817","article-title":"Treatment options for the symptomatic post-meniscectomy knee","volume":"27","author":"Drobni\u010d M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drobni\u010d M, Ercin E, Gamelas J,  Treatment options for the symptomatic post-meniscectomy knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019;27(6):1817-1824. doi:10.1007\/s00167-019-05424-3"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Vet Surg","article-title":"Novel prosthetic medial meniscus restores contact pressures to native values in a meniscectomized canine stifle","author":"Fohrmann FMC","unstructured":"Fohrmann FMC, Van Minnen BS, Krauss MW,  Novel prosthetic medial meniscus restores contact pressures to native values in a meniscectomized canine stifle. Vet Surg. Published online September 9, 2025. doi:10.1111\/vsu.70009"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref44","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2220394","article-title":"ESCAPE Research Group. Effect of physical therapy vs arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in people with degenerative meniscal tears: five-year follow-up of the ESCAPE randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Noorduyn JCA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noorduyn JCA, van de Graaf VA, Willigenburg NW, ; ESCAPE Research Group. Effect of physical therapy vs arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in people with degenerative meniscal tears: five-year follow-up of the ESCAPE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(7):e2220394. doi:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.20394"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref45","series-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol","first-page":"412","article-title":"Meniscus pathology, osteoarthritis and the treatment controversy","volume":"8","author":"Englund M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Englund M, Roemer FW, Hayashi D, Crema MD, Guermazi A. Meniscus pathology, osteoarthritis and the treatment controversy. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8(7):412-419. doi:10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.69"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref46","series-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Meniscus surgery is still widely performed in the treatment of degenerative meniscus tears in The Netherlands","volume":"26","author":"Rongen JJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rongen JJ, van Tienen TG, Buma P, Hannink G. Meniscus surgery is still widely performed in the treatment of degenerative meniscus tears in The Netherlands. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(4):1123-1129. doi:10.1007\/s00167-017-4473-2"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"115","article-title":"Preactivation of the quadriceps muscle could limit cranial tibial translation in a cranial cruciate ligament deficient canine stifle","volume":"98","author":"Ramirez JM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramirez JM, Lefebvre M, B\u00f6hme B, Laurent C, Balligand M. Preactivation of the quadriceps muscle could limit cranial tibial translation in a cranial cruciate ligament deficient canine stifle. Res Vet Sci. 2015;98:115-120. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.11.012"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"105826","article-title":"Factors influencing stifle stability in canine limb press models: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"194","author":"Chaves GV","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chaves GV, Dahl KH, Nielsen MBM, Muzzi LAL, Miles JE. Factors influencing stifle stability in canine limb press models: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci. 2025;194:105826. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105826"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"13","article-title":"Comparison of radiographic arthritic changes associated with two variations of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy","volume":"18","author":"Lineberger JA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lineberger JA, Allen DA, Wilson ER,  Comparison of radiographic arthritic changes associated with two variations of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2005;18(1):13-17. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1632923"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/6\/javma.25.11.0736.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/6\/javma.25.11.0736.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/6\/javma.25.11.0736.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:52:23Z","timestamp":1779112343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/6\/javma.25.11.0736.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.11.0736","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}}}