{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T18:05:23Z","timestamp":1784570723814,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective observational study to investigate exposure history, clinical signs, and onward transmission of animals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in US zoological institutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed animal surveillance data collected through voluntary national surveillance during 2020 to 2023, including a descriptive epidemiologic analysis of surveillance data, comparative genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 sequences from zoo animals and the US human population, and comparison of impacts at the human-animal interface for a subset of zoological institutions (n = 12) with a SARS-CoV-2 animal outbreak.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During 2020 to 2023, 170 animals in zoological institutions were confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2. These animals consisted of 13 species in 28 US jurisdictions. Of affected animals, 72.4% presented with clinical signs, most commonly cough (60.0%). The likely source of SARS-CoV-2 in animals was a known infected caretaker in 44.7% of cases. Some zoological institutions participated in an in-depth analysis of outbreaks; these institutions implemented an average of 48.7 and 52.9 of 88 recommended biosecurity practices in the month before and after an outbreak, respectively, in their facility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Zoological institutions were a high-risk setting for SARS-CoV-2 transmission via spill-back from people to animals. Genomic analysis supported that zoo animals became infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in humans at the time, with no evidence of significant viral evolution in zoo populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mitigating emerging infectious disease threats in these facilities is critical for protecting vulnerable animal populations and public health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.11.0738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:29:12Z","timestamp":1774452552000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 infections among animals in US zoological institutions resulted primarily from human-to-animal transmission without evidence of sustained evolution in animals (2020\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4999-657X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dominic J.","family":"Cristiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate E.","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9591-2285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chelsea E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Croft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Zoo, Denver, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Crook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah\u2019s Hogle Zoo, Salt Lake City, UT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Hanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall","family":"Junge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Powell, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domini","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristi","family":"Newland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Richardson Zoo, Garden City, KS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin F.","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Worden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Yoshicedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honolulu Zoo, Honolulu, HI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greensboro Science Center, Greensboro, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Beddo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Carruthers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Feldpausch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Oltjen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, UT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepanker","family":"Tewari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Harrisburg, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven I.","family":"Rekant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Services, APHIS, USDA, Beltsville, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seana","family":"Cleary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaney C.","family":"Kalinich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey Barton","family":"Behravesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ria R.","family":"Ghai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"_","family":"_","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Zoo and aquarium statistics","author":"Association of Zoos and Aquariums","unstructured":"Association of Zoos and Aquariums. 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