{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:31:20Z","timestamp":1779114680956,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare short- and long-term clinical outcomes in dogs with extrahepatic biliary duct obstruction (EHBO) managed medically, with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC)\u2013assisted biliary stenting, or with surgical biliary decompression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records from 28 client-owned dogs diagnosed with EHBO and treated at a single veterinary referral center between 2012 and 2019 were reviewed retrospectively as part of an observational study. Inclusion criteria included common bile duct dilation (&gt; 3 mm) and clinicopathologic evidence of biliary obstruction. Dogs were grouped based on treatment modality: medical management, ERC (ERC-assisted biliary stenting), or surgery. Outcomes included survival to discharge, median survival time, and complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>28 dogs were included: 10 medically managed, 12 treated with ERC-assisted biliary stenting, and 6 treated surgically. Survival to discharge was 100% (medical), 92% (ERC), and 33% (surgical). Median survival time was not reached in medical or ERC groups; the surgical group had a median survival time of 4 days. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography achieved technical success in 86% of cases and had a lower complication rate than surgery. Most dogs managed medically experienced spontaneous resolution of EHBO with supportive care. Pancreatitis as the cause of EHBO was associated with not surviving to discharge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical management and ERC-assisted biliary stenting were associated with improved short- and long-term survival rates and fewer complications compared to surgical intervention. Surgical intervention was associated with the highest mortality and complication rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ERC-assisted biliary stenting and medical management may provide safer alternatives for similar etiologies to surgery for dogs with EHBO, particularly in facilities with interventional endoscopic capabilities. In many cases, supportive care alone may lead to spontaneous resolution of EHBO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.11.0757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T14:15:37Z","timestamp":1770819337000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medical management and endoscopic biliary stenting associated with improved outcomes compared with surgery for extrahepatic biliary duct obstructions in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Jay","family":"Pakhawala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allyson","family":"Berent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, The Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chick","family":"Weisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, The Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Ghali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Science, The Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"302","article-title":"Canine extra hepatic biliary tract disease and surgery","volume":"28","author":"Mehler SJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mehler SJ, Bennett RA. Canine extra hepatic biliary tract disease and surgery. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 2006;28:302-314."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Choledochal tube stenting for decompression of the extrahepatic portion of the biliary tract in dogs: 13 cases (2002-2005)","volume":"228","author":"Mayhew PD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mayhew PD, Richardson RW, Mehler SJ, Holt DE, Weisse CW. Choledochal tube stenting for decompression of the extrahepatic portion of the biliary tract in dogs: 13 cases (2002-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228(8):1209-1214. doi:10.2460\/javma.228.8.1209"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1451","article-title":"Long-term survival and risk factors associated with biliary surgery in dogs: 34 cases (1994-2004)","volume":"229","author":"Amsellem PM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amsellem PM, Seim HB III, MacPhail CM,  Long-term survival and risk factors associated with biliary surgery in dogs: 34 cases (1994-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229(9):1451-1457. doi:10.2460\/javma.229.9.1451"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","series-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol","first-page":"354","article-title":"Update on biliary endoscopy","volume":"21","author":"Joyce AM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Joyce AM, Kochman ML. Update on biliary endoscopy. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2005;21(3):354-358. doi:10.1097\/01.mog.0000158113.67087.8b"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref5","series-title":"Gastrointest Endosc","first-page":"803","article-title":"National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: ERCP for diagnosis and therapy, January 14-16, 2002","volume":"56","author":"Cohen S","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cohen S, Bacon BR, Berlin JA,  National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: ERCP for diagnosis and therapy, January 14-16, 2002. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(6):803-809. doi:10.1016\/S0016-5107(02)70351-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr","first-page":"649","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the pediatric population is safe and efficacious","volume":"57","author":"Enestvedt BK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Enestvedt BK, Tofani C, Lee DY,  Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the pediatric population is safe and efficacious. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;57(5):649-654. doi:10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31829e0bb6"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","series-title":"JOP","first-page":"57","article-title":"Long-term outcome of self expandable metal stents for biliary obstruction in chronic pancreatitis","volume":"14","author":"Waldthaler A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Waldthaler A, Sch\u00fctte K, Weigt J, Kropf S, Malfertheiner P, Kahl S. Long-term outcome of self expandable metal stents for biliary obstruction in chronic pancreatitis. JOP. 2013;14(1):57-62. doi:10.6092\/1590-8577\/870"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref8","series-title":"Dig Endosc","first-page":"38","article-title":"Role of endoscopic stenting for biliary strictures in chronic pancreatitis","volume":"24","author":"Craig PI","year":"2012","unstructured":"Craig PI. Role of endoscopic stenting for biliary strictures in chronic pancreatitis. Dig Endosc. 2012;24(suppl 1):38-42. doi:10.1111\/j.1443-1661.2012.01283.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","series-title":"Pak J Med Sci","first-page":"799","article-title":"Biliary bypass surgery - analysis of indications & outcome of different procedures","volume":"29","author":"Hussain Talpur KA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hussain Talpur KA, Mahmood Malik A, Iqbal Memon A, Naeem Qureshi J, Khan Sangrasi A, Laghari AA. Biliary bypass surgery - analysis of indications & outcome of different procedures. Pak J Med Sci. 2013;29(3):799-802."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"488","article-title":"Surgical biliary bypass for benign and malignant extrahepatic biliary tract disease","volume":"84","author":"Parks RW","year":"1997","unstructured":"Parks RW, Johnston GW, Rowlands BJ. Surgical biliary bypass for benign and malignant extrahepatic biliary tract disease. Br J Surg. 1997;84(4):488-492."},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Clinical Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","first-page":"124","article-title":"Postsurgical endoscopic anatomy","author":"Jonnalagadda S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jonnalagadda S, Likhitsup A. Postsurgical endoscopic anatomy. In: Chandrasekhara V, Elmunzer BJ, Khashab MA, Muthusamy VR, eds. Clinical Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2019:124-140.e3."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref12","series-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Endoscopic management of benign biliary strictures","volume":"7","author":"Visrodia KH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Visrodia KH, Tabibian JH, Baron TH. Endoscopic management of benign biliary strictures. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;7(11):1003-1013. doi:10.4253\/wjge.v7.i11.1003"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography","author":"Meseeha M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meseeha M, Goosenberg E, Attia M. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. In: Abdelsattar M, Abernethy LT, Ackley WB,  StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2025. Updated October 5, 2025. Accessed December 18, 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK493160\/"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref14","series-title":"World J Gastroenterol","first-page":"260","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: current practice and future research","volume":"13","author":"Sanders DJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanders DJ, Bomman S, Krishnamoorthi R, Kozarek RA. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: current practice and future research. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;13(8):260-274. doi:10.4253\/wjge.v13.i8.260"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","series-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","first-page":"369","article-title":"ERCP for the initial management of malignant biliary obstruction - real world data on 596 procedures","volume":"59","author":"Mikalsen IM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mikalsen IM, Breder S, Medhus AW, Folseraas T, Aabakken L, \u00c5nonsen KV. ERCP for the initial management of malignant biliary obstruction - real world data on 596 procedures. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2024;59(3):369-377. doi:10.1080\/00365521.2023.2282375"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref16","series-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)","first-page":"496","article-title":"Complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: how to avoid and manage them","volume":"9","author":"Szary NM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Szary NM, Al-Kawas FH. Complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: how to avoid and manage them. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2013;9(8):496-504."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1782","article-title":"Therapeutic percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in three dogs with extrahepatic biliary obstruction and pancreatitis","volume":"227","author":"Herman BA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Herman BA, Brawer RS, Murtaugh RJ, Hackner SG. Therapeutic percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in three dogs with extrahepatic biliary obstruction and pancreatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227(11):1782-1786. doi:10.2460\/javma.2005.227.1782"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"436","article-title":"Initial experience with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde biliary stenting for treatment of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction in dogs","volume":"246","author":"Berent A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berent A, Weisse C, Schattner M, Gerdes H, Chapman P, Kochman M. Initial experience with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde biliary stenting for treatment of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;246(4):436-446. doi:10.2460\/javma.246.4.436"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1694","article-title":"Features, management, and long-term outcome in dogs with pancreatitis and bile duct obstruction treated medically and surgically: 41 dogs (2015-2021)","volume":"261","author":"Cleary K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cleary K, Chong WL, Angles JM. Features, management, and long-term outcome in dogs with pancreatitis and bile duct obstruction treated medically and surgically: 41 dogs (2015-2021). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(11):1694-1701. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.03.0155"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"320","article-title":"Clinical use of uncovered balloon-expandable metallic biliary stents for treatment of extrahepatic biliary tract obstructions in cats and dogs: 11 cases (2012-2022)","volume":"53","author":"Bergen JL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bergen JL, Travis BM, Pike FS. Clinical use of uncovered balloon-expandable metallic biliary stents for treatment of extrahepatic biliary tract obstructions in cats and dogs: 11 cases (2012-2022). Vet Surg. 2024;53(2):320-329. doi:10.1111\/vsu.14028"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","series-title":"Probl Vet Med","first-page":"295","article-title":"Complications associated with surgery of the extrahepatic biliary system","volume":"1","author":"Matthiesen DT","year":"1989","unstructured":"Matthiesen DT. Complications associated with surgery of the extrahepatic biliary system. Probl Vet Med. 1989;1(2):295-315."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"97","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in healthy Beagles","volume":"46","author":"Spillmann T","year":"2005","unstructured":"Spillmann T, Happonen I, K\u00e4hk\u00f6nen T, Fyhr T, Westermarck E. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in healthy Beagles. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2005;46(2):97-104. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00020.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"146","article-title":"Diagnostic value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and therapeutic value of endoscopic sphincterotomy in dogs with suspected hepatobiliary disorders","volume":"18","author":"Rahmani V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahmani V, Spillmann T, Halttunen J, Syrj\u00e4 P, Ruohoniemi M. Diagnostic value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and therapeutic value of endoscopic sphincterotomy in dogs with suspected hepatobiliary disorders. BMC Vet Res. 2022;18(1):146. doi:10.1186\/s12917-022-03241-4"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"302","article-title":"Canine extra hepatic biliary tract disease and surgery","volume":"28","author":"Mehler SJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mehler SJ, Bennett RA. Canine extra hepatic biliary tract disease and surgery. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 2006;28:302-314."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Choledochal tube stenting for decompression of the extrahepatic portion of the biliary tract in dogs: 13 cases (2002-2005)","volume":"228","author":"Mayhew PD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mayhew PD, Richardson RW, Mehler SJ, Holt DE, Weisse CW. Choledochal tube stenting for decompression of the extrahepatic portion of the biliary tract in dogs: 13 cases (2002-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228(8):1209-1214. doi:10.2460\/javma.228.8.1209"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1451","article-title":"Long-term survival and risk factors associated with biliary surgery in dogs: 34 cases (1994-2004)","volume":"229","author":"Amsellem PM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amsellem PM, Seim HB III, MacPhail CM,  Long-term survival and risk factors associated with biliary surgery in dogs: 34 cases (1994-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229(9):1451-1457. doi:10.2460\/javma.229.9.1451"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","series-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol","first-page":"354","article-title":"Update on biliary endoscopy","volume":"21","author":"Joyce AM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Joyce AM, Kochman ML. Update on biliary endoscopy. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2005;21(3):354-358. doi:10.1097\/01.mog.0000158113.67087.8b"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref5","series-title":"Gastrointest Endosc","first-page":"803","article-title":"National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: ERCP for diagnosis and therapy, January 14-16, 2002","volume":"56","author":"Cohen S","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cohen S, Bacon BR, Berlin JA,  National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: ERCP for diagnosis and therapy, January 14-16, 2002. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(6):803-809. doi:10.1016\/S0016-5107(02)70351-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr","first-page":"649","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the pediatric population is safe and efficacious","volume":"57","author":"Enestvedt BK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Enestvedt BK, Tofani C, Lee DY,  Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the pediatric population is safe and efficacious. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;57(5):649-654. doi:10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31829e0bb6"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","series-title":"JOP","first-page":"57","article-title":"Long-term outcome of self expandable metal stents for biliary obstruction in chronic pancreatitis","volume":"14","author":"Waldthaler A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Waldthaler A, Sch\u00fctte K, Weigt J, Kropf S, Malfertheiner P, Kahl S. Long-term outcome of self expandable metal stents for biliary obstruction in chronic pancreatitis. JOP. 2013;14(1):57-62. doi:10.6092\/1590-8577\/870"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref8","series-title":"Dig Endosc","first-page":"38","article-title":"Role of endoscopic stenting for biliary strictures in chronic pancreatitis","volume":"24","author":"Craig PI","year":"2012","unstructured":"Craig PI. Role of endoscopic stenting for biliary strictures in chronic pancreatitis. Dig Endosc. 2012;24(suppl 1):38-42. doi:10.1111\/j.1443-1661.2012.01283.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","series-title":"Pak J Med Sci","first-page":"799","article-title":"Biliary bypass surgery - analysis of indications & outcome of different procedures","volume":"29","author":"Hussain Talpur KA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hussain Talpur KA, Mahmood Malik A, Iqbal Memon A, Naeem Qureshi J, Khan Sangrasi A, Laghari AA. Biliary bypass surgery - analysis of indications & outcome of different procedures. Pak J Med Sci. 2013;29(3):799-802."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"488","article-title":"Surgical biliary bypass for benign and malignant extrahepatic biliary tract disease","volume":"84","author":"Parks RW","year":"1997","unstructured":"Parks RW, Johnston GW, Rowlands BJ. Surgical biliary bypass for benign and malignant extrahepatic biliary tract disease. Br J Surg. 1997;84(4):488-492."},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Clinical Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","first-page":"124","article-title":"Postsurgical endoscopic anatomy","author":"Jonnalagadda S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jonnalagadda S, Likhitsup A. Postsurgical endoscopic anatomy. In: Chandrasekhara V, Elmunzer BJ, Khashab MA, Muthusamy VR, eds. Clinical Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2019:124-140.e3."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref12","series-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Endoscopic management of benign biliary strictures","volume":"7","author":"Visrodia KH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Visrodia KH, Tabibian JH, Baron TH. Endoscopic management of benign biliary strictures. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;7(11):1003-1013. doi:10.4253\/wjge.v7.i11.1003"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography","author":"Meseeha M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meseeha M, Goosenberg E, Attia M. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. In: Abdelsattar M, Abernethy LT, Ackley WB,  StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2025. Updated October 5, 2025. Accessed December 18, 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK493160\/"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref14","series-title":"World J Gastroenterol","first-page":"260","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: current practice and future research","volume":"13","author":"Sanders DJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanders DJ, Bomman S, Krishnamoorthi R, Kozarek RA. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: current practice and future research. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;13(8):260-274. doi:10.4253\/wjge.v13.i8.260"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","series-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","first-page":"369","article-title":"ERCP for the initial management of malignant biliary obstruction - real world data on 596 procedures","volume":"59","author":"Mikalsen IM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mikalsen IM, Breder S, Medhus AW, Folseraas T, Aabakken L, \u00c5nonsen KV. ERCP for the initial management of malignant biliary obstruction - real world data on 596 procedures. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2024;59(3):369-377. doi:10.1080\/00365521.2023.2282375"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref16","series-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)","first-page":"496","article-title":"Complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: how to avoid and manage them","volume":"9","author":"Szary NM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Szary NM, Al-Kawas FH. Complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: how to avoid and manage them. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2013;9(8):496-504."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1782","article-title":"Therapeutic percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in three dogs with extrahepatic biliary obstruction and pancreatitis","volume":"227","author":"Herman BA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Herman BA, Brawer RS, Murtaugh RJ, Hackner SG. Therapeutic percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in three dogs with extrahepatic biliary obstruction and pancreatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227(11):1782-1786. doi:10.2460\/javma.2005.227.1782"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"436","article-title":"Initial experience with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde biliary stenting for treatment of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction in dogs","volume":"246","author":"Berent A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berent A, Weisse C, Schattner M, Gerdes H, Chapman P, Kochman M. Initial experience with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde biliary stenting for treatment of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;246(4):436-446. doi:10.2460\/javma.246.4.436"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1694","article-title":"Features, management, and long-term outcome in dogs with pancreatitis and bile duct obstruction treated medically and surgically: 41 dogs (2015-2021)","volume":"261","author":"Cleary K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cleary K, Chong WL, Angles JM. Features, management, and long-term outcome in dogs with pancreatitis and bile duct obstruction treated medically and surgically: 41 dogs (2015-2021). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(11):1694-1701. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.03.0155"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"320","article-title":"Clinical use of uncovered balloon-expandable metallic biliary stents for treatment of extrahepatic biliary tract obstructions in cats and dogs: 11 cases (2012-2022)","volume":"53","author":"Bergen JL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bergen JL, Travis BM, Pike FS. Clinical use of uncovered balloon-expandable metallic biliary stents for treatment of extrahepatic biliary tract obstructions in cats and dogs: 11 cases (2012-2022). Vet Surg. 2024;53(2):320-329. doi:10.1111\/vsu.14028"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","series-title":"Probl Vet Med","first-page":"295","article-title":"Complications associated with surgery of the extrahepatic biliary system","volume":"1","author":"Matthiesen DT","year":"1989","unstructured":"Matthiesen DT. Complications associated with surgery of the extrahepatic biliary system. Probl Vet Med. 1989;1(2):295-315."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"97","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in healthy Beagles","volume":"46","author":"Spillmann T","year":"2005","unstructured":"Spillmann T, Happonen I, K\u00e4hk\u00f6nen T, Fyhr T, Westermarck E. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in healthy Beagles. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2005;46(2):97-104. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00020.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"146","article-title":"Diagnostic value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and therapeutic value of endoscopic sphincterotomy in dogs with suspected hepatobiliary disorders","volume":"18","author":"Rahmani V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahmani V, Spillmann T, Halttunen J, Syrj\u00e4 P, Ruohoniemi M. Diagnostic value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and therapeutic value of endoscopic sphincterotomy in dogs with suspected hepatobiliary disorders. 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