{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T18:05:13Z","timestamp":1784570713080,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy of a novel spectrum-of-care fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) dosing regimen as an adjunctive therapy for canine parvovirus (CPV).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>27 client-owned dogs naturally infected with CPV were enrolled from March to November 2023 in a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Patients were randomized into FMT-treated (n = 19) or placebo-treated (8) groups. Along with conventional treatments, CPV-infected dogs were administered FMT (single FMT enema, then 14 days of oral lyophilized FMT capsules) or placebo (single saline enema, then 14 days of oral placebo capsules) at admission. During hospitalization, dogs were monitored daily including fecal, clinical severity, and medication scores. Feces and serum were collected at admission, day 4, day 7, day 14, and day 21 for quantification of CPV viral shedding and immune response (bead-based multiplex of cytokines\/chemokines). The primary outcome variable was length of hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interim analysis revealed that placebo-treated dogs had excessive study withdrawals due to worsening clinical status when compared to FMT-treated dogs (37.5% compared to 0%, respectively), leading to ethical discontinuation of the placebo arm. Fecal microbiota transplant\u2013treated dogs had significantly reduced hospitalization length and medications required for treatment (maximum medication score) compared to placebo-treated dogs. Fecal microbiota transplant did not reduce fecal viral shedding or elicit a host immune response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This novel FMT dosing regimen (single enema FMT followed by oral capsular FMT), designed to be feasible for inpatients or outpatients, accelerated clinical recovery from CPV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In-house and commercially available FMT products were effective in CPV-infected dogs, thus broadening the spectrum of care available to these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.11.0764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T20:51:00Z","timestamp":1775249460000},"page":"991-999","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fecal microbiota transplantation dosing regimen accelerates clinical resolution in canine parvovirus infection: a novel spectrum-of-care approach"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5323-7683","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jenessa A.","family":"Winston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"The Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reagan","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"The Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina K.","family":"Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"The Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Welton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"The Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Partridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"The Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Schreeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Page E.","family":"Yaxley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5369-3152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam J.","family":"Rudinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"The Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)","first-page":"91","article-title":"Canine parvoviral enteritis: an update on the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"7","author":"Mylonakis ME","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mylonakis ME, Kalli I, Rallis TS. Canine parvoviral enteritis: an update on the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Vet Med (Auckl). 2016;7:91-100. doi:10.2147\/VMRR.S80971"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"2043","article-title":"Canine parvovirus: the worldwide occurrence of antigenic variants","volume":"97","author":"Miranda C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miranda C, Thompson G. Canine parvovirus: the worldwide occurrence of antigenic variants. J Gen Virol. 2016;97(9):2043-2057. doi:10.1099\/jgv.0.000540"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"65","article-title":"Endotoxemia and tumor necrosis factor activity in dogs with naturally occurring parvoviral enteritis","volume":"11","author":"Otto CM","year":"1997","unstructured":"Otto CM, Drobatz KJ, Soter C. Endotoxemia and tumor necrosis factor activity in dogs with naturally occurring parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Intern Med. 1997;11(2):65-70. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00075.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"939","article-title":"A decade of treatment of canine parvovirus in an animal shelter: a retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Horecka K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Horecka K, Porter S, Amirian ES, Jefferson E. A decade of treatment of canine parvovirus in an animal shelter: a retrospective study. Animals (Basel). 2020;10(6):939. doi:10.3390\/ani10060939"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Sci: Res Rev","first-page":"92","article-title":"Update on canine parvovirus infection: a review from the literature","volume":"7","author":"Mia MM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mia MM, Hasan M. Update on canine parvovirus infection: a review from the literature. Vet Sci: Res Rev. 2021;7(2):92-100. doi:10.17582\/journal.vsrr\/2021.7.2.92.100"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"405","article-title":"Update on canine parvoviral enteritis","volume":"55","author":"Mazzaferro EM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mazzaferro EM. Update on canine parvoviral enteritis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2025;55(3):405-425. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.01.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"506","article-title":"Early administration of canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody prevented mortality after experimental challenge","volume":"262","author":"Larson L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Larson L, Miller L, Margiasso M,  Early administration of canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody prevented mortality after experimental challenge. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(4):506-512. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.09.0541"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"707","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in puppies with canine parvovirus infection","volume":"32","author":"Pereira GQ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pereira GQ, Gomes LA, Santos IS, Alfieri AF, Weese JS, Costa MC. Fecal microbiota transplantation in puppies with canine parvovirus infection. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(2):707-711. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15072"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","series-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis","first-page":"299","article-title":"The geographic distribution and financial impact of canine parvovirus in Australia","volume":"66","author":"Kelman M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kelman M, Ward MP, Barrs VR, Norris JM. The geographic distribution and financial impact of canine parvovirus in Australia. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66(1):299-311. doi:10.1111\/tbed.13022"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"52","article-title":"Evaluation of an outpatient protocol in the treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis","volume":"27","author":"Venn EC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Venn EC, Preisner K, Boscan PL, Twedt DC, Sullivan LA. Evaluation of an outpatient protocol in the treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2017;27(1):52-65. doi:10.1111\/vec.12561"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"202","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of outpatient canine parvovirus treatment in a shelter-based low-cost urban clinic","volume":"30","author":"Perley K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perley K, Burns CC, Maguire C,  Retrospective evaluation of outpatient canine parvovirus treatment in a shelter-based low-cost urban clinic. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2020;30(2):202-208. doi:10.1111\/vec.12941. Published correction appears in J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2020;30(4):501-503. doi:10.1111\/vec.12962"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","series-title":"Adv Small Anim Care","first-page":"79","article-title":"Clinical guidelines for fecal microbiota transplantation in companion animals","volume":"5","author":"Winston JA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Winston JA, Suchodolski JS, Gaschen F,  Clinical guidelines for fecal microbiota transplantation in companion animals. Adv Small Anim Care. 2024;5(1):79-107. doi:10.1016\/j.yasa.2024.06.006"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","first-page":"1272","article-title":"Bias due to lack of patient blinding in clinical trials: a systematic review of trials randomizing patients to blind and nonblind sub-studies","volume":"43","author":"Hr\u00f3bjartsson A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hr\u00f3bjartsson A, Emanuelsson F, Skou Thomsen AS, Hilden J, Brorson S. Bias due to lack of patient blinding in clinical trials: a systematic review of trials randomizing patients to blind and nonblind sub-studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(4):1272-1283. doi:10.1093\/ije\/dyu115"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0319161","article-title":"Preparation of fecal microbiota transplantation products for companion animals","volume":"20","author":"Randolph NK","year":"2025","unstructured":"Randolph NK, Salerno M, Klein H, Diaz-Campos D, van Balen JC, Winston JA. Preparation of fecal microbiota transplantation products for companion animals. PLoS One. 2025;20(4):e0319161. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0319161"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Standardized preparation of fecal microbiota transplantation products for companion animals","author":"Randolph NK","year":"2025","unstructured":"Randolph NK, Klein H, Winston JA. Standardized preparation of fecal microbiota transplantation products for companion animals. protocols.io. February 2, 2025. Accessed February 2, 2025. dx.doi:10.17504\/protocols.io.3byl493njgo5\/v1"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"AnimalBiome Veterinary","author":"Donor screening","unstructured":"Donor screening. AnimalBiome Veterinary. Accessed November 18, 2025. https:\/\/animalbiome.vet\/pages\/donor-screening"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"167","article-title":"Consistency of faecal scoring using two canine faecal scoring systems","volume":"62","author":"Cavett CL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cavett CL, Tonero M, Marks SL, Winston JA, Gilor C, Rudinsky AJ. Consistency of faecal scoring using two canine faecal scoring systems. J Small Anim Pract. 2021;62(3):167-173. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13283"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"198","article-title":"Development of a SYBR Green based real-time PCR assay for detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus in faecal samples","volume":"169","author":"Kumar M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar M, Nandi S. Development of a SYBR Green based real-time PCR assay for detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus in faecal samples. J Virol Methods. 2010;169(1):198-201. doi:10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.06.007"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"National Center for Biotechnology Information","author":"Basic Local Alignment Search Tool","unstructured":"Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Accessed November 20, 2025. https:\/\/blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Blast.cgi"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"53","article-title":"Cytokine concentrations measured by multiplex assays in canine peripheral blood samples","volume":"55","author":"Richter KR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Richter KR, Nasr AN, Mexas AM. Cytokine concentrations measured by multiplex assays in canine peripheral blood samples. Vet Pathol. 2018;55(1):53-67. doi:10.1177\/0300985817725388"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci","first-page":"582","article-title":"Evaluation of fecal microbiota transfer as treatment for postweaning diarrhea in research-colony puppies","volume":"55","author":"Burton EN","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burton EN, O\u2019Connor E, Ericsson AC, Franklin CL. Evaluation of fecal microbiota transfer as treatment for postweaning diarrhea in research-colony puppies. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2016;55(5):582-587."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Safety profile and effects on the peripheral immune response of fecal microbiota transplantation in clinically healthy dogs","volume":"38","author":"Lee MA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee MA, Questa M, Wanakumjorn P,  Safety profile and effects on the peripheral immune response of fecal microbiota transplantation in clinically healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38(3):1425-1436. doi:10.1111\/jvim.17061"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Greene\u2019s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","first-page":"341","article-title":"Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides","author":"Parrish CR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parrish CR, Sykes JE. Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides. In: Sykes JE, ed. Greene\u2019s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2021:341\u2013351."},{"issue":"9","key":"ref24","series-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol","first-page":"1391","article-title":"Intestinal microbial dysbiosis in Beagles naturally infected with canine parvovirus","volume":"29","author":"Park JS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park JS, Guevarra RB, Kim BR,  Intestinal microbial dysbiosis in Beagles naturally infected with canine parvovirus. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;29(9):1391-1400. doi:10.4014\/jmb.1901.01047"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","first-page":"365","article-title":"Microbiome-based therapeutics","volume":"20","author":"Sorbara MT","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sorbara MT, Pamer EG. Microbiome-based therapeutics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022;20(6):365-380. doi:10.1038\/s41579-021-00667-9"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref26","series-title":"Microorganisms","first-page":"2247","article-title":"The gut microbiome in enteric viral infections: underlying mechanisms and therapeutic approaches","volume":"13","author":"Borrego-Ruiz A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. The gut microbiome in enteric viral infections: underlying mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Microorganisms. 2025;13(10):2247. doi:10.3390\/microorganisms13102247"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers: second quarter 2025","year":"2025","unstructured":"Usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers: second quarter 2025. News release. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. July 22, 2025. Updated January 28, 2026. Accessed July 2025. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/news.release\/pdf\/wkyeng.pdf"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/8\/javma.25.11.0764.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/8\/javma.25.11.0764.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/8\/javma.25.11.0764.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T17:48:23Z","timestamp":1784569703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/8\/javma.25.11.0764.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.11.0764","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}}}