{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:55:16Z","timestamp":1781718916905,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the nature and frequency of complications between French Bulldogs (FBDs) and Miniature Dachshunds (MDs) with thoracolumbar or lumbar intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective, single-center study included dogs diagnosed with thoracolumbar or lumbar IVDE between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2023, with complete medical records. Dogs with a confirmed history of previous IVDE were excluded. Perioperative complications, length of hospitalization, and total cost of care were documented and compared between the 2 breeds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 379 patients (211 FBDs, 168 MDs) were included in the study. Complications occurred in 50.2% (106 of 211) of FBDs and 13.1% (22 of 168) of MDs. Diarrhea was the most common complication for both breeds. Regurgitation and urinary tract infection commonly occurred in FBDs. Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome was only recorded in FBDs. Progressive myelomalacia was diagnosed in 3 FBDs and 4 MDs postoperatively. Corneal ulceration, surgical site infection, seroma, and aspiration pneumonia were rare complications reported in FBDs only. The median length of hospitalization was 5 days for both breeds. The median total cost of care was higher for FBDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant differences were found in the types and frequency of complications between FBDs and MDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlighted both shared and breed-specific perioperative complications in 2 popular breeds commonly affected by IVDE and the related differences in cost of care. These findings support the importance of breed-specific preoperative counseling and perioperative planning, particularly for FBDs, in which more complications and higher costs were found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.12.0794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T14:15:08Z","timestamp":1771596908000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Complications are more commonly reported for French Bulldogs than Miniature Dachshunds undergoing hemilaminectomy for thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2276-0102","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eleftheria","family":"Skovola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stansted Veterinary Specialists, Bishop\u2019s Stortford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2505-2152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven","family":"De Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"171","article-title":"Clinical reasoning in canine spinal disease: what combination of clinical information is useful?","volume":"177","author":"Cardy TJA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cardy TJA, De Decker S, Kenny PJ, Volk HA. Clinical reasoning in canine spinal disease: what combination of clinical information is useful? Vet Rec. 2015;177(7):171-171. doi:10.1136\/vr.102988"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"582","article-title":"Canine neurological diseases in a referral hospital population between 1989 and 2000 in Switzerland","volume":"47","author":"Fluehmann G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fluehmann G, Doherr MG, Jaggy A. Canine neurological diseases in a referral hospital population between 1989 and 2000 in Switzerland. J Small Anim Pract. 2006;47(10):582-587. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00106.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1617","article-title":"Long-term neurologic outcome of hemilaminectomy and disk fenestration for treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation: 831 cases (2000-2007)","volume":"241","author":"Aikawa T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aikawa T, Fujita H, Kanazono S, Shibata M, Yoshigae Y. Long-term neurologic outcome of hemilaminectomy and disk fenestration for treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation: 831 cases (2000-2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;241(12):1617-1626. doi:10.2460\/javma.241.12.1617"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"433","article-title":"Risk factors associated with progressive myelomalacia in dogs with complete sensorimotor loss following intervertebral disc extrusion: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Castel A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Castel A, Olby NJ, Ru H, Mariani CL, Mu\u00f1ana KR, Early PJ. Risk factors associated with progressive myelomalacia in dogs with complete sensorimotor loss following intervertebral disc extrusion: a retrospective case-control study. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15(1):433. doi:10.1186\/s12917-019-2186-0"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"785228","article-title":"Clinical features and risk factors for gastrointestinal complications in dogs treated surgically for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion","volume":"8","author":"Mehra JM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehra JM, Tolbert MK, Moore GE, Lewis MJ. Clinical features and risk factors for gastrointestinal complications in dogs treated surgically for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:785228. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.785228"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e2992","article-title":"MRI and clinical findings in 133 dogs with recurrent deficits following intervertebral disc extrusion surgery","volume":"193","author":"Suiter E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suiter E, Grapes N, Martin-Garcia L, De Decker S, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Wessmann A. MRI and clinical findings in 133 dogs with recurrent deficits following intervertebral disc extrusion surgery. Vet Rec. 2023;193(5):e2992. doi:10.1002\/vetr.2992"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"829","article-title":"Intervertebral disc disease in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Brisson BA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brisson BA. Intervertebral disc disease in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2010;40(5):829-858. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.06.001"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref8","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0288081","article-title":"Dog breeds and conformations in the UK in 2019: VetCompass canine demography and some consequent welfare implications","volume":"18","author":"O\u2019Neill DG","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill DG, McMillan KM, Church DB, Brodbelt DC. Dog breeds and conformations in the UK in 2019: VetCompass canine demography and some consequent welfare implications. PLoS One. 2023;18(7):e0288081. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0288081"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"212","article-title":"Prevalence of neurological disorders in French Bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002-2016)","volume":"13","author":"Mayousse V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayousse V, Desquilbet L, Jeandel A, Blot S. Prevalence of neurological disorders in French Bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002-2016). BMC Vet Res. 2017;13(1):212. doi:10.1186\/s12917-017-1132-2"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e3603","article-title":"Respiratory compromise in French Bulldogs presented with intervertebral disc extrusion","volume":"193","author":"Foster E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Foster E, West N, Butterfield S, Rusbridge C, Crawford A. Respiratory compromise in French Bulldogs presented with intervertebral disc extrusion. Vet Rec. 2023;193(12):e3603. doi:10.1002\/vetr.3603"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1460092","article-title":"Gut feelings: gastrointestinal signs in French Bulldogs undergoing spinal surgery","volume":"11","author":"du Toit M","year":"2024","unstructured":"du Toit M, Motta L. Gut feelings: gastrointestinal signs in French Bulldogs undergoing spinal surgery. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1460092. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2024.1460092"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"179","article-title":"The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I","volume":"7","author":"Frankel HL","year":"1969","unstructured":"Frankel HL, Hancock DO, Hyslop G,  The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I. 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J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38(2):878-903. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16975"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","series-title":"Top Companion Anim Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aspiration pneumonia in the dog: a review","volume":"32","author":"Sherman R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sherman R, Karagiannis M. Aspiration pneumonia in the dog: a review. Top Companion Anim Med. 2017;32(1):1-7. doi:10.1053\/j.tcam.2017.05.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"743","article-title":"Comparison of lung ultrasound, chest radiographs, C-reactive protein, and clinical findings in dogs treated for aspiration pneumonia","volume":"36","author":"Fernandes Rodrigues N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fernandes Rodrigues N, Giraud L, Bolen G,  Comparison of lung ultrasound, chest radiographs, C-reactive protein, and clinical findings in dogs treated for aspiration pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(2):743-752. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16379"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1782","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of dogs with progressive myelomalacia following acute intervertebral disc extrusion","volume":"31","author":"Castel A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Castel A, Olby NJ, Mariani CL, Mu\u00f1ana KR, Early PJ. Clinical characteristics of dogs with progressive myelomalacia following acute intervertebral disc extrusion. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31(6):1782-1789. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14829"},{"key":"ref18","author":"Merck Veterinary Manual","unstructured":"Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co Inc. Accessed December 29, 2025. https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"670","article-title":"Relationship between brachycephalic airway syndrome and gastrointestinal signs in three breeds of dog","volume":"59","author":"Kaye BM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaye BM, Rutherford L, Perridge DJ, Ter Haar G. Relationship between brachycephalic airway syndrome and gastrointestinal signs in three breeds of dog. J Small Anim Pract. 2018;59(11):670-673. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12914"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"146","article-title":"Syndromic surveillance of the frequency and severity of respiratory compromise of brachycephalic dogs in ICUs","volume":"32","author":"Barchard-Couts A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barchard-Couts A, Rozanski E; on behalf of the Brachycephalic Study Group. Syndromic surveillance of the frequency and severity of respiratory compromise of brachycephalic dogs in ICUs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2022;32(1):146-149. doi:10.1111\/vec.13111"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"869","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of incidence, clinical features, potential risk factors, and prognostic indicators for aspiration pneumonia in three brachycephalic dog breeds","volume":"253","author":"Darcy HP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Darcy HP, Humm K, Ter Haar G. Retrospective analysis of incidence, clinical features, potential risk factors, and prognostic indicators for aspiration pneumonia in three brachycephalic dog breeds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018;253(7):869-876. doi:10.2460\/javma.253.7.869"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref22","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary tract infection in dogs after surgery for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion","volume":"24","author":"Olby NJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olby NJ, MacKillop E, Cerda-Gonzalez S,  Prevalence of urinary tract infection in dogs after surgery for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24(5):1106-1111. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0567.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1544","article-title":"Evaluation of risk factors for development of corneal ulcer after nonocular surgery in dogs: 14 cases (2009-2011)","volume":"242","author":"Park YW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park YW, Son WG, Jeong MB, Seo K, Lee LY, Lee I. Evaluation of risk factors for development of corneal ulcer after nonocular surgery in dogs: 14 cases (2009-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(11):1544-1548. doi:10.2460\/javma.242.11.1544"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref24","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0123827","article-title":"Impact of facial conformation on canine health: corneal ulceration","volume":"10","author":"Packer RMA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Packer RMA, Hendricks A, Burn CC. Impact of facial conformation on canine health: corneal ulceration. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0123827. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0123827"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"498","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for presumptive ascending\/descending myelomalacia in dogs after thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation","volume":"31","author":"Balducci F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Balducci F, Canal S, Contiero B, Bernardini M. Prevalence and risk factors for presumptive ascending\/descending myelomalacia in dogs after thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31(2):498-504. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14656"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"301","article-title":"A comparison of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in French Bulldogs and Dachshunds and association with congenital vertebral anomalies","volume":"43","author":"Aikawa T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aikawa T, Shibata M, Asano M, Hara Y, Tagawa M, Orima H. A comparison of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in French Bulldogs and Dachshunds and association with congenital vertebral anomalies. Vet Surg. 2014;43(3):301-307. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12102.x. Published correction appears in Vet Surg. 2014;44(1):135. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12308.x"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","first-page":"1230280","article-title":"Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, surgical features and comparison of surgically treated intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs","volume":"10","author":"Albertini G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Albertini G, Stabile F, Marsh O, Uriarte A. Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, surgical features and comparison of surgically treated intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2023; 10,1230280. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1230280"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref28","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"53","article-title":"Postoperative regurgitation in dogs after upper airway surgery to treat brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: 258 cases (2013-2017)","volume":"49","author":"Fenner JVH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fenner JVH, Quinn RJ, Demetriou JL. Postoperative regurgitation in dogs after upper airway surgery to treat brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: 258 cases (2013-2017). Vet Surg. 2020;49(1):53-60. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13297"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"171","article-title":"Clinical reasoning in canine spinal disease: what combination of clinical information is useful?","volume":"177","author":"Cardy TJA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cardy TJA, De Decker S, Kenny PJ, Volk HA. Clinical reasoning in canine spinal disease: what combination of clinical information is useful? Vet Rec. 2015;177(7):171-171. doi:10.1136\/vr.102988"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"582","article-title":"Canine neurological diseases in a referral hospital population between 1989 and 2000 in Switzerland","volume":"47","author":"Fluehmann G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fluehmann G, Doherr MG, Jaggy A. Canine neurological diseases in a referral hospital population between 1989 and 2000 in Switzerland. J Small Anim Pract. 2006;47(10):582-587. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00106.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1617","article-title":"Long-term neurologic outcome of hemilaminectomy and disk fenestration for treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation: 831 cases (2000-2007)","volume":"241","author":"Aikawa T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aikawa T, Fujita H, Kanazono S, Shibata M, Yoshigae Y. Long-term neurologic outcome of hemilaminectomy and disk fenestration for treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation: 831 cases (2000-2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;241(12):1617-1626. doi:10.2460\/javma.241.12.1617"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"433","article-title":"Risk factors associated with progressive myelomalacia in dogs with complete sensorimotor loss following intervertebral disc extrusion: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Castel A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Castel A, Olby NJ, Ru H, Mariani CL, Mu\u00f1ana KR, Early PJ. Risk factors associated with progressive myelomalacia in dogs with complete sensorimotor loss following intervertebral disc extrusion: a retrospective case-control study. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15(1):433. doi:10.1186\/s12917-019-2186-0"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"785228","article-title":"Clinical features and risk factors for gastrointestinal complications in dogs treated surgically for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion","volume":"8","author":"Mehra JM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehra JM, Tolbert MK, Moore GE, Lewis MJ. Clinical features and risk factors for gastrointestinal complications in dogs treated surgically for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:785228. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.785228"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e2992","article-title":"MRI and clinical findings in 133 dogs with recurrent deficits following intervertebral disc extrusion surgery","volume":"193","author":"Suiter E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suiter E, Grapes N, Martin-Garcia L, De Decker S, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Wessmann A. MRI and clinical findings in 133 dogs with recurrent deficits following intervertebral disc extrusion surgery. Vet Rec. 2023;193(5):e2992. doi:10.1002\/vetr.2992"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"829","article-title":"Intervertebral disc disease in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Brisson BA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brisson BA. Intervertebral disc disease in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2010;40(5):829-858. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.06.001"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref8","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0288081","article-title":"Dog breeds and conformations in the UK in 2019: VetCompass canine demography and some consequent welfare implications","volume":"18","author":"O\u2019Neill DG","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill DG, McMillan KM, Church DB, Brodbelt DC. Dog breeds and conformations in the UK in 2019: VetCompass canine demography and some consequent welfare implications. PLoS One. 2023;18(7):e0288081. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0288081"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"212","article-title":"Prevalence of neurological disorders in French Bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002-2016)","volume":"13","author":"Mayousse V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayousse V, Desquilbet L, Jeandel A, Blot S. Prevalence of neurological disorders in French Bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002-2016). BMC Vet Res. 2017;13(1):212. doi:10.1186\/s12917-017-1132-2"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e3603","article-title":"Respiratory compromise in French Bulldogs presented with intervertebral disc extrusion","volume":"193","author":"Foster E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Foster E, West N, Butterfield S, Rusbridge C, Crawford A. Respiratory compromise in French Bulldogs presented with intervertebral disc extrusion. Vet Rec. 2023;193(12):e3603. doi:10.1002\/vetr.3603"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1460092","article-title":"Gut feelings: gastrointestinal signs in French Bulldogs undergoing spinal surgery","volume":"11","author":"du Toit M","year":"2024","unstructured":"du Toit M, Motta L. Gut feelings: gastrointestinal signs in French Bulldogs undergoing spinal surgery. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1460092. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2024.1460092"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"179","article-title":"The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I","volume":"7","author":"Frankel HL","year":"1969","unstructured":"Frankel HL, Hancock DO, Hyslop G,  The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I. Paraplegia. 1969;7(3):179-192."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref13","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0137496","article-title":"Impact of facial conformation on canine health: brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Packer RMA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Packer RMA, Hendricks A, Tivers MS, Burn CC. Impact of facial conformation on canine health: brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0137496. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0137496"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"878","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement on diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence in dogs","volume":"38","author":"Kendall A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kendall A, Byron JK, Westropp JL,  ACVIM consensus statement on diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38(2):878-903. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16975"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","series-title":"Top Companion Anim Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aspiration pneumonia in the dog: a review","volume":"32","author":"Sherman R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sherman R, Karagiannis M. Aspiration pneumonia in the dog: a review. Top Companion Anim Med. 2017;32(1):1-7. doi:10.1053\/j.tcam.2017.05.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"743","article-title":"Comparison of lung ultrasound, chest radiographs, C-reactive protein, and clinical findings in dogs treated for aspiration pneumonia","volume":"36","author":"Fernandes Rodrigues N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fernandes Rodrigues N, Giraud L, Bolen G,  Comparison of lung ultrasound, chest radiographs, C-reactive protein, and clinical findings in dogs treated for aspiration pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(2):743-752. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16379"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1782","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of dogs with progressive myelomalacia following acute intervertebral disc extrusion","volume":"31","author":"Castel A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Castel A, Olby NJ, Mariani CL, Mu\u00f1ana KR, Early PJ. Clinical characteristics of dogs with progressive myelomalacia following acute intervertebral disc extrusion. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31(6):1782-1789. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14829"},{"key":"ref18","author":"Merck Veterinary Manual","unstructured":"Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co Inc. Accessed December 29, 2025. https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"670","article-title":"Relationship between brachycephalic airway syndrome and gastrointestinal signs in three breeds of dog","volume":"59","author":"Kaye BM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaye BM, Rutherford L, Perridge DJ, Ter Haar G. Relationship between brachycephalic airway syndrome and gastrointestinal signs in three breeds of dog. J Small Anim Pract. 2018;59(11):670-673. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12914"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"146","article-title":"Syndromic surveillance of the frequency and severity of respiratory compromise of brachycephalic dogs in ICUs","volume":"32","author":"Barchard-Couts A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barchard-Couts A, Rozanski E; on behalf of the Brachycephalic Study Group. Syndromic surveillance of the frequency and severity of respiratory compromise of brachycephalic dogs in ICUs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2022;32(1):146-149. doi:10.1111\/vec.13111"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"869","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of incidence, clinical features, potential risk factors, and prognostic indicators for aspiration pneumonia in three brachycephalic dog breeds","volume":"253","author":"Darcy HP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Darcy HP, Humm K, Ter Haar G. Retrospective analysis of incidence, clinical features, potential risk factors, and prognostic indicators for aspiration pneumonia in three brachycephalic dog breeds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018;253(7):869-876. doi:10.2460\/javma.253.7.869"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref22","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary tract infection in dogs after surgery for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion","volume":"24","author":"Olby NJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olby NJ, MacKillop E, Cerda-Gonzalez S,  Prevalence of urinary tract infection in dogs after surgery for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24(5):1106-1111. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0567.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1544","article-title":"Evaluation of risk factors for development of corneal ulcer after nonocular surgery in dogs: 14 cases (2009-2011)","volume":"242","author":"Park YW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park YW, Son WG, Jeong MB, Seo K, Lee LY, Lee I. 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