{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:07:58Z","timestamp":1779203278363,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the proposed mechanism of action of shock wave therapy and discuss treatment considerations and guidelines for use in equine and canine practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Client-owned animals with owner consent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shock wave therapy is proposed to stimulate healing by generating forces that cause cells to undergo microtrauma and release anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors into the treated tissues. While the 4 types of shock wave therapies are discussed, electrohydraulic and piezoelectric are described in detail, as they are most utilized in veterinary medicine for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries, osteoarthritis, and nonunion fractures. The dose that is applied per patient is relative to the selected settings of depth, energy level, and number of pulses delivered. It is important to recognize that the highest energy deposition and greatest biological effects are seen at anatomic regions of differing tissue types such as bone and soft tissue interfaces; thus, shock wave is particularly useful at areas of enthesopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because of the mechanism of action, the use of anti-inflammatory medications and\/or cryotherapy around shock wave treatment times should be avoided. Additionally, because of the potent analgesic effects of shock wave for the first 48 hours after treatment, rest is recommended to prevent any further damage to the tissues. Competition rules surrounding the use of shock wave must also be followed and discussed with owners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shock wave therapy is an accessible and useful modality for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries, osteoarthritis, and nonunion fractures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.12.0827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T17:29:33Z","timestamp":1772818173000},"page":"S12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in equine and canine practice"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3065-6345","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caitlyn Redding","family":"Horne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1993-8141","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lauren V.","family":"Schnabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"593","article-title":"Equine shock wave therapy\u2014where are we now?","volume":"55","author":"Johnson SA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johnson SA, Richards RB, Frisbie DD, Esselman AM, McClure SR. Equine shock wave therapy\u2014where are we now? Equine Vet J. 2023;55(4):593-606. doi:10.1111\/evj.13890"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on wounds of the distal portion of the limbs in horses","volume":"234","author":"Morgan DD","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morgan DD, McClure S, Yaeger MJ, Schumacher J, Evans RB. Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on wounds of the distal portion of the limbs in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009;234(9):1154-1161. doi:10.2460\/javma.234.9.1154"},{"issue":"387","key":"ref3","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"8","article-title":"Principles of shock wave therapy","author":"Ogden JA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ogden JA, T\u00f3th-Kischkat A, Schultheiss R. Principles of shock wave therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(387):8-17. doi:10.1097\/00003086-200106000-00003"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"391","article-title":"Adjunct therapies for tendon\/ligament healing: therapeutic laser and extracorporeal shockwave therapy","volume":"41","author":"Pluim M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pluim M, Reynolds A, McClure S. Adjunct therapies for tendon\/ligament healing: therapeutic laser and extracorporeal shockwave therapy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2025;41(2):391-401. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.04.009"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"271","article-title":"Review of the application and efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in equine tendon and ligament injuries","volume":"31","author":"Yocom AF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yocom AF, Bass LD. Review of the application and efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in equine tendon and ligament injuries. Equine Vet Educ. 2019;31(5):271-277. doi:10.1111\/eve.12780"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"593","article-title":"Equine shock wave therapy\u2014where are we now?","volume":"55","author":"Johnson SA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johnson SA, Richards RB, Frisbie DD, Esselman AM, McClure SR. Equine shock wave therapy\u2014where are we now? Equine Vet J. 2023;55(4):593-606. doi:10.1111\/evj.13890"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on wounds of the distal portion of the limbs in horses","volume":"234","author":"Morgan DD","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morgan DD, McClure S, Yaeger MJ, Schumacher J, Evans RB. Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on wounds of the distal portion of the limbs in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009;234(9):1154-1161. doi:10.2460\/javma.234.9.1154"},{"issue":"387","key":"ref3","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"8","article-title":"Principles of shock wave therapy","author":"Ogden JA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ogden JA, T\u00f3th-Kischkat A, Schultheiss R. Principles of shock wave therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(387):8-17. doi:10.1097\/00003086-200106000-00003"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"391","article-title":"Adjunct therapies for tendon\/ligament healing: therapeutic laser and extracorporeal shockwave therapy","volume":"41","author":"Pluim M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pluim M, Reynolds A, McClure S. Adjunct therapies for tendon\/ligament healing: therapeutic laser and extracorporeal shockwave therapy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2025;41(2):391-401. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.04.009"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"271","article-title":"Review of the application and efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in equine tendon and ligament injuries","volume":"31","author":"Yocom AF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yocom AF, Bass LD. Review of the application and efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in equine tendon and ligament injuries. Equine Vet Educ. 2019;31(5):271-277. doi:10.1111\/eve.12780"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/S1\/javma.25.12.0827.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/S1\/javma.25.12.0827.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/S1\/javma.25.12.0827.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:22:08Z","timestamp":1779200528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/S1\/javma.25.12.0827.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.12.0827","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}}}