{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T18:23:39Z","timestamp":1787336619011,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vaccination is commonly used to minimize disease impacts on birds and promote sustainable poultry production. Vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) differs because HPAI is classified as a foreign animal disease in the US and disease control falls under federal jurisdiction. Vaccination for HPAI could negatively affect the nation\u2019s ability to export poultry and poultry products, representing the largest barrier to implementation. However, the continued burden of global HPAI cases requires a reevaluation of the cost of ongoing outbreaks and the need for new mitigation strategies, including HPAI vaccine use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.12.0859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T12:14:24Z","timestamp":1776428064000},"page":"1240-1242","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["United States poultry flocks remain unvaccinated against H5 influenza\u2014but why?"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1305-2527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle","family":"Kromm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Forward LLC, Minneapolis, MN"},{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6512-8038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9196-1493","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Bonney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2749-3496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cesar","family":"Corzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3547-7576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marie","family":"Culhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5042-6585","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tim","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Halvorson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4308-2643","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mickey","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5826-8681","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rosemary","family":"Marusak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5521-774X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kaitlyn St.","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5407-2478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amos","family":"Ssematimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1299-3252","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erin","family":"Cortus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"},{"name":"Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3656-1865","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carol J.","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"Virol J.","first-page":"298","article-title":"Efficacy of recombinant H5 vaccines delivered in ovo or day of age in commercial broilers against the 2015 U.S. H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4c highly pathogenic avian influenza virus","volume":"20","author":"Kapczynski DR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kapczynski DR, Chrzastek K, Shanmugasundaram R,  Efficacy of recombinant H5 vaccines delivered in ovo or day of age in commercial broilers against the 2015 U.S. H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4c highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Virol J. 2023;20(1):298. doi:10.1186\/s12985-023-02254-1"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref2","series-title":"PLoS One.","first-page":"e0307100","article-title":"Efficacy of commercial recombinant HVT vaccines against a North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens","volume":"19","author":"Lee J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee J, Lee CW, Suarez DL, Lee SA, Kim T, Spackman E. Efficacy of commercial recombinant HVT vaccines against a North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. PLoS One. 2024;19(7):e0307100. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0307100"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","series-title":"Avian Dis.","first-page":"288","article-title":"The efficacy of inactivated vaccine against H5 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in turkeys","volume":"69","author":"Lee J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee J, Lee CW, Lee S, Ibrahim S, Suarez DL, Spackman E. The efficacy of inactivated vaccine against H5 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in turkeys. Avian Dis. 2025;69(3):288-294. doi:10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-25-00055"},{"issue":"43","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vaccine.","first-page":"4953","article-title":"Suboptimal protection against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from Vietnam in ducks vaccinated with commercial poultry vaccines","volume":"31","author":"Cha RM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cha RM, Smith D, Shepherd E,  Suboptimal protection against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from Vietnam in ducks vaccinated with commercial poultry vaccines. Vaccine. 2013;31(43):4953-4960. doi:10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.08.046"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref5","series-title":"Bull Math Biol.","first-page":"2389","article-title":"A structured avian influenza model with imperfect vaccination and vaccine-induced asymptomatic infection","volume":"76","author":"Gulbudak H","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gulbudak H, Martcheva M. A structured avian influenza model with imperfect vaccination and vaccine-induced asymptomatic infection. Bull Math Biol. 2014;76(10):2389-2425. doi:10.1007\/s11538-014-0012-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","series-title":"Res Vet Sci.","first-page":"637","article-title":"Silent spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus amongst vaccinated commercial layers","volume":"97","author":"Poetri ON","year":"2014","unstructured":"Poetri ON, Van Boven M, Claassen I,  Silent spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus amongst vaccinated commercial layers. Res Vet Sci. 2014;97(3):637-641. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.09.013"},{"issue":"7104","key":"ref7","series-title":"Nature.","first-page":"757","article-title":"Silent spread of H5N1 in vaccinated poultry","volume":"442","author":"Savill NJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Savill NJ, St Rose SG, Keeling MJ, Woolhouse ME. Silent spread of H5N1 in vaccinated poultry. Nature. 2006;442(7104):757. doi:10.1038\/442757a"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"University of Minnesota","article-title":"Secure Poultry Supply Plan","author":"Secure Food Systems team","unstructured":"Secure Food Systems team. Secure Poultry Supply Plan. University of Minnesota. Accessed June 10, 2025. https:\/\/securepoultrysupply.umn.edu\/"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"USDA-APHIS","author":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza emergency response","unstructured":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza emergency response. USDA-APHIS. Accessed September 27, 2025. https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/animal-emergencies\/hpai"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"USDA-APHIS","author":"Ready reference guides","unstructured":"Ready reference guides. USDA-APHIS. Accessed September 27, 2025. https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/animal-emergencies\/fadprep\/ready-reference"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Biologicals.","first-page":"101694","article-title":"Epidemiology-driven approaches to surveillance in HPAI-vaccinated poultry flocks aiming to demonstrate freedom from circulating HPAIV","volume":"83","author":"Harder T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harder T, de Wit S, Gonzales JL,  Epidemiology-driven approaches to surveillance in HPAI-vaccinated poultry flocks aiming to demonstrate freedom from circulating HPAIV. Biologicals. 2023;83:101694. doi:10.1016\/j.biologicals.2023.101694"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"USDA Foreign Agricultural Service","article-title":"poultry meat & prods. (excl. eggs)","author":"U.S","unstructured":"U.S. poultry meat & prods. (excl. eggs). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. September 22, 2025. Accessed September 27, 2025. https:\/\/www.fas.usda.gov\/data\/commodities\/poultry-meat-prods-ex-eggs"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"USDA Foreign Agricultural Service","author":"Global Agricultural Trade System (GATS)","unstructured":"Global Agricultural Trade System (GATS). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Accessed October 27, 2025. https:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/gats\/default.aspx"},{"key":"ref14","author":"Avian influenza vaccination: why it should not be a barrier to safe trade. World Organisation for Animal Health","unstructured":"Avian influenza vaccination: why it should not be a barrier to safe trade. World Organisation for Animal Health. December 28, 2023. Accessed October 27, 2025. https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/avian-influenza-vaccination-why-it-should-not-be-a-barrier-to-safe-trade\/"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"USDA-APHIS","author":"USDA reduces HPAI restrictions on poultry from France and the European Union","unstructured":"USDA reduces HPAI restrictions on poultry from France and the European Union. USDA-APHIS. Accessed October 27, 2025. https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/news\/agency-announcements\/usda-reduces-hpai-restrictions-poultry-france-european-union"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Services Center for Veterinary Biologics","author":"Policy and approach to HPAI vaccination","unstructured":"Policy and approach to HPAI vaccination. USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Services Center for Veterinary Biologics. January 13, 2016. Accessed December 2, 2025. www.aphis.usda.gov\/media\/document\/306\/file"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/9\/javma.25.12.0859.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/9\/javma.25.12.0859.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/9\/javma.25.12.0859.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:24:16Z","timestamp":1787333056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/9\/javma.25.12.0859.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.12.0859","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}