{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:59:15Z","timestamp":1793023155887,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To evaluate potential risk factors for development of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) in Bouviers des Flandres.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold> Prospective, observational study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 98 Bouviers des Flandres.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> All dogs underwent slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, gonioscopy, applanation tonometry, streak retinoscopy, and A-scan, B-scan, and high-resolution ultrasonography. Iridocorneal angles and degree of pectinate ligament dysplasia sheeting were graded, and an angle index was mathematically derived for each eye on the basis of these values. Ciliary clefts evaluated by high-resolution ultrasonography were classified as open, narrow, or closed. Owners were contacted by telephone 7 to 9 years after the initial examination to determine whether dogs had a subsequent diagnosis of PACG. Relationships between previously recorded variables and the development of PACG were evaluated by logistic regression methods. Available pedigrees were reviewed to assess genetic relationships among affected dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> 9 of 92 (9.8%) dogs with follow-up information available developed PACG. An angle index &lt; 1 and presence of a narrow or closed ciliary cleft in 1 or both eyes were each significantly associated with development of PACG. Odds of developing PACG for dogs with an angle index &lt; 1 (indicating marked reduction in outflow capacity through the iridocorneal angle), a narrow or closed ciliary cleft in &gt; 1 eye, or both findings were 13, 20, and 28 times those for dogs that did not have these findings, respectively. All dogs that developed PACG shared 1 common male sire or grandsire.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Several anatomic factors were significant risk factors for development of PACG in this population of dogs. Results also suggested a genetic component for the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.250.1.60","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T15:18:00Z","timestamp":1482333480000},"page":"60-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evaluation of potential risk factors for development of primary angle-closure glaucoma in Bouviers des Flandres"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"250","author":[{"given":"Alexis J.","family":"Dubin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellison","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Buhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Slatter's fundamentals of veterinary ophthalmology","first-page":"247","article-title":"The glaucomas","author":"Miller","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(98)00007-X","article-title":"Predisposing factors for chronic angle-closure glaucoma","volume":"18","author":"Salmon","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2004.04006.x","article-title":"Prevalence of the breed-related glaucomas in pure-bred dogs in North America","volume":"7","author":"Gelatt","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588702400301","article-title":"Dysplasia of the pectinate ligament and primary glaucoma in the Bouvier des Flandres dog","volume":"24","author":"van der Linde-Sipman","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd","first-page":"307","article-title":"Goniodysplasie beim Bouvier des Flandres [in German]","volume":"138","author":"R\u00fchli","year":"1996"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","first-page":"60","article-title":"Gender differences in iridocorneal angle morphology: a potential explanation for the female predisposition to primary angle closure glaucoma in dogs","author":"Tsai","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.7.946","article-title":"Refractive states of eyes and association between ametropia and breed in dogs","volume":"69","author":"Kubai","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1875","article-title":"Correlation of morphologic features of the iridocorneal angle to intraocular pressure in Samoyeds","volume":"52","author":"Ekesten","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-36-5-431","article-title":"The efficacy of topical prophylactic antiglaucoma therapy in primary closed angle glaucoma in dogs: a multicenter clinical trial","volume":"36","author":"Miller","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1028","article-title":"Effects of risk factors and prophylactic treatment on primary glaucoma in the dog","volume":"188","author":"Slater","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00855.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of canine glaucoma presented to University of Zurich from 1995\u20132009. Part 1: congenital and primary glaucoma (4 and 123 cases)","volume":"14","author":"Strom","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12069","article-title":"Efficacy of prophylactic antiglaucoma and anti-inflammatory medications in canine primary angle-closure glaucoma: a multicenter retrospective study (2004\u20132012)","volume":"17","author":"Dees","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.1998.00019.x","article-title":"Pectinate ligament dysplasia (PLD) and glaucoma in Flat-Coated Retrievers. I. Objectives, techniques and results of a PLD survey","volume":"1","author":"Read","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1493","article-title":"Relationship of the degree of goniodysgenesis and other ocular measurements to glaucoma in Great Danes","volume":"62","author":"Wood","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12098","article-title":"Progression of pectinate ligament dysplasia over time in two populations of Flat-Coated Retrievers","volume":"18","author":"Pearl","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/250\/1\/javma.250.1.60.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/250\/1\/javma.250.1.60.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/250\/1\/javma.250.1.60.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:50:45Z","timestamp":1741348245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/250\/1\/javma.250.1.60.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.250.1.60","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]}}}