{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:42:06Z","timestamp":1782495726906,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To compare the doses of propofol required to induce general anesthesia in dogs premedicated with acepromazine maleate or trazodone hydrochloride and compare the effects of these premedicants on cardiovascular variables in dogs anesthetized for orthopedic surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold> Prospective, randomized study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 30 systemically healthy client-owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> 15 dogs received acepromazine (0.01 to 0.03 mg\/kg [0.005 to 0.014 mg\/lb], IM) 30 minutes before anesthetic induction and 15 received trazodone (5 mg\/kg [2.27 mg\/lb] for patients &gt; 10 kg or 7 mg\/kg [3.18 mg\/lb] for patients \u2264 10 kg, PO) 2 hours before induction. Both groups received morphine sulfate (1 mg\/kg [0.45 mg\/lb], IM) 30 minutes before induction. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (4 to 6 mg\/kg [1.82 to 2.73 mg\/lb], IV, to effect) and maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane in oxygen. Bupivacaine (0.5 mg\/kg [0.227 mg\/lb]) and morphine (0.1 mg\/kg [0.045 mg\/lb]) were administered epidurally. Dogs underwent tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (n = 22) or tibial tuberosity advancement (8) and were monitored throughout anesthesia. Propofol induction doses and cardiovascular variables (heart rate and systemic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressures) were compared between groups.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> The mean dose of propofol required for anesthetic induction and all cardiovascular variables evaluated did not differ between groups. Intraoperative hypotension developed in 6 and 5 dogs of the acepromazine and trazodone groups, respectively; bradycardia requiring intervention developed in 3 dogs\/group. One dog that received trazodone had priapism 24 hours later and was treated successfully. No other adverse effects were reported.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> At the described dosages, cardiovascular effects of trazodone were similar to those of acepromazine in healthy dogs undergoing anesthesia for orthopedic surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.250.4.408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T15:03:18Z","timestamp":1486393398000},"page":"408-416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Effects of acepromazine and trazodone on anesthetic induction dose of propofol and cardiovascular variables in dogs undergoing general anesthesia for orthopedic surgery"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"250","author":[{"given":"Lindsey 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