{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:12:34Z","timestamp":1784549554766,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CASE DESCRIPTION<\/jats:bold> A 3-year-old sexually intact male rabbit (<jats:italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus<\/jats:italic>) was evaluated because of a 1-day history of signs of anorexia and depression.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CLINICAL FINDINGS<\/jats:bold> Clinical examination revealed signs of depression, hunched posture, low skin elasticity (suggesting dehydration), slightly distended abdomen, and penile and preputial edema. The owner reported that the rabbit had been fed a routine diet, received water via a sipper bottle, and was allowed free movement around the home. It had been observed by the owner to bite and chew gypsum-based plaster from the walls of the home. Abdominal radiography and ultrasonography revealed radiopaque material in the urinary bladder, irregular thickening of the urinary bladder wall, and gaseous distention of the cecum. Urinalysis revealed mild hematuria and proteinuria. Results of the physical examination and other diagnostic tests were consistent with urolithiasis, cystitis, and gastrointestinal stasis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:bold> At clinical examination, numerous small uroliths originating from the urethral orifice were removed and submitted for composition analysis via infrared and Raman spectrometry and polarized microscopy. Laparotomy-assisted flushing of the urinary bladder and urethra was performed, and the rabbit recovered without complication. Results of composition analysis indicated the uroliths were composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> This is the first report of calcium sulfate urolithiasis in a rabbit, which was attributed to dehydration (possibly due to inadequate water provision) and excessive dietary intake of sulfur in the form of gypsum-based plaster. Rabbits should be prevented from consuming plaster and other potential extradietary sources of sulfur and provided an appropriate water supply.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.250.5.534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]],"date-time":"2017-02-16T18:56:45Z","timestamp":1487271405000},"page":"534-537","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Calcium sulfate dihydrate urolithiasis in a pet rabbit"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"250","author":[{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Kucera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Koristkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"Gottwaldova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Jekl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Rabbits and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery","first-page":"174","article-title":"Basic approach to veterinary care","author":"Graham","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"BMC Res Notes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-942","article-title":"The current state of welfare, housing and husbandry of the English pet rabbit population","volume":"7","author":"Rooney","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.09.005","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of 4468 uroliths retrieved from farm animals, exotic species, and wildlife submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center: 1981 to 2007","volume":"39","author":"Osborne","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"London: Manson Publishing,","first-page":"134","article-title":"Urinary stones in rabbits","author":"Hesse","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.04.022","article-title":"Composition of uroliths in small domestic animals in the United Kingdom","volume":"188","author":"Rogers","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.09.011","article-title":"Analysis of 451,891 canine uroliths, feline uroliths, and feline urethral plugs from 1981 to 2007: perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center","volume":"39","author":"Osborne","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Z Urol Nephrol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Results of analyses of 10.000 urinary calculi using electronic data processing methods","volume":"69","author":"Hesse","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Arch Esp Urol","first-page":"117","article-title":"A calcium sulfate calculus of renal origin: a verifiable observation? [in Spanish]","volume":"36","author":"Cifuentes","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Actas Urol Esp","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuro.2011.07.006","article-title":"C\u00e1lculos renales","volume":"36","author":"Grases","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Nutrition of the rabbit","first-page":"119","article-title":"Minerals, vitamins and additives","author":"Mateos","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Composition of paints","author":"Kopeliovich"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Miner Electrolyte Metab","first-page":"217","article-title":"Effects of dietary calcium on renal calcium, magnesium and phosphate excretion by the rabbit","volume":"10","author":"Whiting","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Nutr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/121.suppl_11.S95","article-title":"Calcium metabolism in rabbits as an etiologic factor for urolithiasis","volume":"121","author":"Kamphues","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12124","article-title":"Rabbit dental disease and calcium metabolism\u2014the science behind divided opinions","volume":"54","author":"Jekl","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.01077.x","article-title":"Water intake in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from open dishes and nipple drinkers under different water and feeding regimes","volume":"95","author":"Tschudin","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Test ID: sulfur"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Miner Electrolyte Metab","first-page":"137","article-title":"Sulfur-containing amino acids are a major determinant of urinary calcium","volume":"11","author":"Tsch\u00f6pe","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101545","article-title":"Calculus anuria in a spina bifida patient, who had solitary functioning kidney and recurrent renal calculi","volume":"42","author":"Vaidyanathan","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Nutrition of the rabbit","first-page":"222","article-title":"Feed formulation","author":"de Blas","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/250\/5\/javma.250.5.534.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/250\/5\/javma.250.5.534.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/250\/5\/javma.250.5.534.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:53:00Z","timestamp":1741348380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/250\/5\/javma.250.5.534.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.250.5.534","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]}}}