{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:36:55Z","timestamp":1787503015986,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CASE DESCRIPTION<\/jats:bold>\n                    AS-year-old male Dwarf rabbit and 4-year-old female Mini-Rex rabbit were evaluated because of anorexia and urine scalding of the perineum.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CLINICAL FINDINGS<\/jats:bold>\n                    Abdominal radiography revealed a diffuse increase in the opacity of the urinary bladder attributable to urinary sludge. In 1 rabbit, abdominal ultrasonography revealed several mass-like lesions protruding from the mucosal surface into the lumen of the urinary bladder. Rabbits were anesthetized, and cystoscopy was performed with a rigid 2.7-mm, 30\u00b0 endoscope. Histologic analysis of tissue samples obtained through the cystoscope operating channel revealed findings consistent with polypoid cystitis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:bold>\n                    To remove the urinary sludge from each rabbit, the urinary bladder was filled with sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and emptied with a gentle massage several times until the ejected fluid was transparent. Rabbits were treated with NSAIDs, antimicrobials (chosen following microbial culture of urine and antimicrobial susceptibility testing), bathing of the perineum, and a low-calcium diet. The male rabbit died of unrelated causes 18 months later; postmortem examination findings confirmed the polypoid cystitis. The female rabbit remained disease free through to last follow-up (12 months after initial evaluation).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    This was the first report of polypoid cystitis in pet rabbits. Although ultrasonographic findings supported this diagnosis, a definitive diagnosis was achieved through cystoscopy and lesion biopsy. Treatments administered were intended to reduce the potential sources of irritation. Research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of the applied interventions and the association between excessive urinary calcium excretion and polyploid cystitis in rabbits.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.251.1.84","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T10:04:15Z","timestamp":1497607455000},"page":"84-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cystoscopic diagnosis of polypoid cystitis in two pet rabbits"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"251","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Di Girolamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bongiovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Melidone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Nicoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria Del","family":"Duca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Selleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12301","article-title":"Bodyweight and body condition score in rabbits on four different feeding regimes","volume":"56","author":"Prebble","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Ferrets, rabbits and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery","first-page":"217","article-title":"Disorders of the reproductive and urinary systems","author":"Klaphake","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Ferrets, rabbits and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery","first-page":"174","article-title":"Basic approach to veterinary care","author":"Graham","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102595","article-title":"Evaluation of sedation and clinical effects of midazolam with ketamine or dexmedetomidine in pet rabbits","volume":"175","author":"Bellini","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.5.770","article-title":"Effect of meloxicam and butorphanol on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in rabbits","volume":"67","author":"Turner","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2011.11.010","article-title":"Anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits and rodents","volume":"21","author":"Wenger","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.4.636","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in rabbits after oral administration of single and multiple doses","volume":"74","author":"Fredholm","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2014.05.009","article-title":"Prescription diets for rabbits","volume":"17","author":"Proen\u00e7a","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Textbook of rabbit medicine","first-page":"414","volume":"32","author":"Varga","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.b4749","article-title":"Uterine disorders in 59 rabbits","volume":"166","author":"Walter","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)67849-2","article-title":"Potentialities of bladder epithelium","volume":"71","author":"Mostofi","year":"1954"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198807000-00005","article-title":"Papillary and polypoid cystitis. 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