{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T21:29:40Z","timestamp":1794259780522,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To characterize and compare injuries found in dogs involved in spontaneously occurring dogfights with those of dogs used in illegal organized dogfighting.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold> Retrospective case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 36 medium-sized dogs evaluated following spontaneous fights with a dog of the same sex and similar weight (medium dog\u2013medium dog [MDMD] fights), 160 small dogs examined following spontaneous fights with a larger dog (big dog\u2013little dog [BDLD] fights), and 62 dogs evaluated after being seized in connection with dogfighting law enforcement raids.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Demographic characteristics and injuries were recorded from medical records. Prevalence of soft tissue injuries in predetermined body surface zones, as well as dental or skeletal injuries, was determined for dogs grouped by involvement in BDLD, MDMD, and organized dogfights. The extent of injuries in each location was scored and compared among groups by 1-factor ANOVA. Patterns of injuries commonly incurred by each group were determined by use of prevalence data.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Mean extent of injury scores differed significantly among groups for all body surface zones except the eye and periorbital region. Mean scores for dental injuries and rib fractures also differed significantly among groups. Organized fighting dogs more commonly had multiple injuries, particularly of the thoracic limbs, dorsal and lateral aspects of the head and muzzle or oral mucosa, dorsal and lateral aspects of the neck, and ventral neck and thoracic region.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> To the authors' knowledge, this was the first study to compare injuries incurred during spontaneous and organized dogfighting. Establishing evidence-based patterns of injury will help clinicians identify dogs injured by organized dogfighting and aid in the prosecution of this crime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.251.12.1424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]],"date-time":"2017-11-30T20:25:34Z","timestamp":1512073534000},"page":"1424-1431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Characterization and comparison of injuries caused by spontaneous versus organized dogfighting"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"251","author":[{"given":"Nida P.","family":"Intarapanich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Touroo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Rozanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Reisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pichai P.","family":"Intarapanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily C.","family":"McCobb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Forensic investigation of animal cruelty: a guide for veterinary and law enforcement professionals","first-page":"189","article-title":"Dogfighting and cockfighting","author":"Sinclair","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Shelter medicine for veterinarians and staff","first-page":"441","article-title":"Animal fighting. 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