{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:42:56Z","timestamp":1789594976099,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CASE DESCRIPTION<\/jats:bold> A 15-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog was evaluated for a 7-week history of stranguria, pollakiuria, and intermittent urethral obstruction.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CLINICAL FINDINGS<\/jats:bold> On initial evaluation, the patient had persistent stranguria with lack of urine production; after multiple unsuccessful attempts to urinate, a large volume of urine was produced. Prior to voiding the large volume, the urinary bladder was not palpable during examination. Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed caudal displacement of the urinary bladder, and the urethra and trigone could not be located ultrasonographically. Positive-contrast cystourethrography and CT confirmed caudal displacement of the urinary bladder and also revealed trigonal invagination and urethral kinking; dysuria was attributed to these findings.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:bold> Surgical repositioning of the lower urinary tract was performed. The urinary bladder was moved cranially and was fixed in place along the left lateral aspect of the body wall by cystopexy. After surgery, positive-contrast cystourethrography revealed a more cranial positioning of the urinary bladder and straightening of the urethra with no urethral kinking or trigonal invagination. Immediately after surgery, stranguria had resolved and the patient was able to void normally. Two years after surgery, the dog was reported to be urinating normally.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Surgical correction of caudal urinary bladder displacement with cystopexy led to resolution of trigonal invagination, urethral kinking, and urethral obstruction in the dog of the present report. Trigonal invagination and urethral kinking, although uncommon findings, should be considered as possible causes of dysuria in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.251.7.818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,2]],"date-time":"2017-10-02T14:00:38Z","timestamp":1506952838000},"page":"818-823","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Treatment of urethral obstruction secondary to caudal bladder displacement, trigonal invagination, and urethral kinking in a dog"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"251","author":[{"given":"Kayo","family":"Kanakubo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie A.","family":"Palm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber L.","family":"Korner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T. N.","family":"Culp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5326\/0430136","article-title":"Use of polypropylene mesh in addition to internal obturator transposition: a review of 59 cases (2000\u20132004)","volume":"43","author":"Szabo","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1986.tb02116.x","article-title":"Bladder retroflexion in the dog","volume":"27","author":"White","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1477","article-title":"Pelvic bladder in dogs without urinary incontinence","volume":"184","author":"Mahaffey","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.138.3.58","article-title":"Comparison of urethral pressure profilometry and contrast radiography in the diagnosis of incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism in bitches","volume":"138","author":"Gregory","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1212","article-title":"Radiographic and clinical features of pelvic bladder in the dog","volume":"182","author":"Adams","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1980.tb01645.x","article-title":"Experimental use of fluoroalkyl cyanoacrylate in canine urethral anastomosis","volume":"9","author":"Jackson","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02452.x","article-title":"Urethropexy for the management of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch","volume":"42","author":"White","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11884-012-0161-8","article-title":"Mixed incontinence: how best to manage it?","volume":"8","author":"Porena","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7658","article-title":"Urethral mobility and urinary incontinence","volume":"36","author":"Pirpiris","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s001920200063","article-title":"Bladder neck mobility and urethral closure pressure as predictors of genuine stress incontinence","volume":"13","author":"Dietz","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Neurourol Urodyn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20798","article-title":"An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction","volume":"29","author":"Haylen","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Curr Urol Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-005-0050-1","article-title":"Pelvic organ prolapse and the lower urinary tract: the relationship of vaginal prolapse to stress urinary incontinence","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.119078","article-title":"Correlation of symptoms with location and severity of pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"185","author":"Ellerkmann","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000111782.37383.e2","article-title":"Incontinence and voiding difficulties associated with prolapse","volume":"171","author":"Marinkovic","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)32613-7","article-title":"The value of the vaginal pack test in large cystoceles","volume":"152","author":"Ghoniem","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"247","article-title":"Bladder outlet obstruction in a 6-month-old alpaca secondary to pelvic displacement of the urinary bladder","volume":"46","author":"McClanahan","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/251\/7\/javma.251.7.818.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/251\/7\/javma.251.7.818.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/251\/7\/javma.251.7.818.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:57:20Z","timestamp":1741348640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/251\/7\/javma.251.7.818.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.251.7.818","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]]}}}