{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:09:55Z","timestamp":1775768995552,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold>\n                    To explore sources of serum aldosterone concentration variability in a population of healthy and diseased ferrets, determine a preliminary 1 -sided reference interval for serum aldosterone concentration in healthy ferrets, and identify a decision limit to differentiate healthy from diseased ferrets on the basis of serum aldosterone concentration.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold>\n                    Prospective threshold definition and diagnostic accuracy study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold>\n                    78 healthy (n = 56) and diseased (22) ferrets.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold>\n                    Serum aldosterone concentrations were measured on consecutively admitted ferrets, and an upper reference limit for aldosterone concentrations was established. Sensitivity and specificity of aldosterone concentration cutoffs to differentiate healthy from diseased ferrets were estimated with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold>\n                    Measurements of serum aldosterone concentrations in the ferrets showed wide variability, with a median concentration of 4.75 pg\/mL (interquartile range, 0.55 to 17.9 pg\/mL; range, 0.02 to 283.9 pg\/mL) and 76% (59\/78) of samples having concentrations &lt; 18 pg\/mL. Ferrets that were healthy, older, or sexually inactive had significantly lower aldosterone concentrations. The upper limit of the reference interval for healthy ferrets was 13.3 pg\/mL (90% confidence interval, 9.9 to 16.9 pg\/mL). Analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that an aldosterone concentration cutoff value of 7.6 pg\/mL differentiated healthy ferrets from diseased ferrets with a sensitivity of 72.7% and specificity of 73.2% (area under the curve, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 0.91).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    Results suggested that high aldosterone concentrations should not be considered diagnostic of primary hyperaldosteronism in ferrets. A need exists to develop better tests to identify primary hyperaldosteronism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.252.11.1372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]],"date-time":"2018-05-17T23:23:14Z","timestamp":1526599394000},"page":"1372-1376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Variability of serum aldosterone concentrations in pet ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"252","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Di Girolamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kellie","family":"Fecteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Carnimeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bongiovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Fracassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Isani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Selleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra000050","article-title":"Aldosterone in congestive heart failure","volume":"345","author":"Weber","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12216","article-title":"Evaluation of the oral fludrocortisone suppression test for diagnosing primary hyperaldosteronism in cats","volume":"27","author":"Djajadiningrat-Laanen","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00490.x","article-title":"Severe life-threatening hypokalemia in a cat with suspected distal renal tubular acidosis","volume":"20","author":"Torrente","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.8.1297","article-title":"Primary hyperaldosteronism in a domestic ferret with an adrenocortical adenoma","volume":"233","author":"Desmarchelier","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Proceedings","first-page":"26","author":"Di Girolamo","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2004.08.007","article-title":"Primary hyperaldosteronism in the cat: a series of 13 cases","volume":"7","author":"Ash","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Lab Anim (NY)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/laban1006-23","article-title":"Blood collection from the cranial vena cava of the ferret","volume":"35","author":"Brown","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12006","article-title":"ASVCP reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics","volume":"41","author":"Friedrichs","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(98)80039-7","article-title":"Plasma aldosterone concentration of cats","volume":"155","author":"Yu","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Asian J Androl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2009.9","article-title":"Defining laboratory reference values and decision limits: populations, intervals, and interpretations","volume":"12","author":"Boyd","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Clin Chem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.155879","article-title":"Determining decision limits for new biomarkers: clinical and statistical considerations","volume":"57","author":"Morrow","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12469523","article-title":"Ultrasonographic appearance of adrenal glands in healthy and sick cats","volume":"15","author":"Combes","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15572035","article-title":"Clinical findings, diagnostics and outcome in 33 cats with adrenal neoplasia (2002\u20132013)","volume":"18","author":"Daniel","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.195","article-title":"Correlation between age at neutering and age at onset of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets","volume":"216","author":"Shoemaker","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Evaluation of plasma androgen and estrogen concentrations in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"209","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1402","article-title":"Neoplastic diseases in ferrets: 574 cases (1968\u20131997)","volume":"212","author":"Li","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"(Panthera leo). J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0202R.1","article-title":"Selected clinical, biochemical, and electrolyte alterations in anesthetized captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and lions","volume":"45","author":"Reilly","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Hypertension","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000038478.59760.41","article-title":"Drug effects on aldosterone\/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism","volume":"40","author":"Mulatero","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715583530","article-title":"Serum aldosterone and cortisol concentrations before and after suppression with fludrocortisone in cats: a pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Matsuda","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra000050","article-title":"Aldosterone in congestive heart failure","volume":"345","author":"Weber","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12216","article-title":"Evaluation of the oral fludrocortisone suppression test for diagnosing primary hyperaldosteronism in cats","volume":"27","author":"Djajadiningrat-Laanen","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00490.x","article-title":"Severe life-threatening hypokalemia in a cat with suspected distal renal tubular acidosis","volume":"20","author":"Torrente","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.8.1297","article-title":"Primary hyperaldosteronism in a domestic ferret with an adrenocortical adenoma","volume":"233","author":"Desmarchelier","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Proceedings","first-page":"26","author":"Di Girolamo","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2004.08.007","article-title":"Primary hyperaldosteronism in the cat: a series of 13 cases","volume":"7","author":"Ash","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Lab Anim (NY)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/laban1006-23","article-title":"Blood collection from the cranial vena cava of the ferret","volume":"35","author":"Brown","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12006","article-title":"ASVCP reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics","volume":"41","author":"Friedrichs","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(98)80039-7","article-title":"Plasma aldosterone concentration of cats","volume":"155","author":"Yu","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Asian J Androl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2009.9","article-title":"Defining laboratory reference values and decision limits: populations, intervals, and interpretations","volume":"12","author":"Boyd","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Clin Chem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.155879","article-title":"Determining decision limits for new biomarkers: clinical and statistical considerations","volume":"57","author":"Morrow","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12469523","article-title":"Ultrasonographic appearance of adrenal glands in healthy and sick cats","volume":"15","author":"Combes","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15572035","article-title":"Clinical findings, diagnostics and outcome in 33 cats with adrenal neoplasia (2002\u20132013)","volume":"18","author":"Daniel","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.195","article-title":"Correlation between age at neutering and age at onset of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets","volume":"216","author":"Shoemaker","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Evaluation of plasma androgen and estrogen concentrations in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"209","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1402","article-title":"Neoplastic diseases in ferrets: 574 cases (1968\u20131997)","volume":"212","author":"Li","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"(Panthera leo). J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0202R.1","article-title":"Selected clinical, biochemical, and electrolyte alterations in anesthetized captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and lions","volume":"45","author":"Reilly","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Hypertension","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000038478.59760.41","article-title":"Drug effects on aldosterone\/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism","volume":"40","author":"Mulatero","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715583530","article-title":"Serum aldosterone and cortisol concentrations before and after suppression with fludrocortisone in cats: a pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Matsuda","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/252\/11\/javma.252.11.1372.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/252\/11\/javma.252.11.1372.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/252\/11\/javma.252.11.1372.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:09:10Z","timestamp":1775765350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/252\/11\/javma.252.11.1372.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.252.11.1372","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]]}}}