{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:00:08Z","timestamp":1790834408333,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold>\n                    To identify knowledge and practices related to rabies vaccination and serologic monitoring among animal care workers in the United States.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cross-sectional survey.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>SAMPLE<\/jats:bold>\n                    2,334 animal care workers (ie, veterinarians, veterinary technicians, animal control workers, and wildlife rehabilitators).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold>\n                    Participants were contacted through relevant professional organizations to participate in an anonymous web-based survey. The survey collected demographic and occupational information, animal handling and potential rabies exposure information, and individual rabies vaccination and serologic monitoring practices. Comparisons of animal bite and rabies exposure rates were made between occupational groups. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with rabies vaccination status and adherence to serologic monitoring recommendations.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold>\n                    Respondents reported 0.77 animal bites\/person-year or 0.10 bites\/1,000 animals handled. The overall rate of postexposure prophylaxis due to an occupational rabies exposure was 1.07\/100 person-years. Veterinarians reported the highest rabies vaccination rate (98.7% [367\/372]), followed by animal control workers (78.5% [344\/438]), wildlife rehabilitators (78.2% [122\/156]), and veterinary technicians (69.3% [937\/1,352]). Respondents working for employers requiring rabies vaccination and serologic monitoring were 32.16 and 6.14 times, respectively, as likely to be vaccinated or have a current serologic monitoring status as were respondents working for employers without such policies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    Results suggested that, given the high reported rates of animal bites and potential rabies exposures among animal care workers, improvements in rabies vaccination and serologic monitoring practices are needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.252.12.1491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,11]],"date-time":"2018-06-11T14:51:49Z","timestamp":1528728709000},"page":"1491-1502","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Rabies exposures and pre-exposure vaccination practices among individuals with an increased risk of rabies exposure in the United States"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"252","author":[{"given":"Jesse D.","family":"Blanton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Colwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia L.","family":"Walden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lessie M.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Legred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily G.","family":"Pieracci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Ebell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen F.","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Shwiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Agro-medicine","first-page":"23","article-title":"Health hazards among veterinarians: a survey and review of the 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Trauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198808000-00020","article-title":"Trauma and the veterinarian","volume":"28","author":"Landercasper","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-004-0583-5","article-title":"Work-related accidents and occupational diseases in veterinarians and their staff","volume":"78","author":"Nienhaus","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.3.255","article-title":"Animal bites as an occupational hazard among animal control officers","volume":"74","author":"Mann","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11101.x","article-title":"Occupational health risks in veterinary nursing: an exploratory 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Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.190","article-title":"Animal bite epidemiology and surveillance for rabies postexposure prophylaxis","volume":"217","author":"Moore","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.4.425","article-title":"Evaluation of factors associated with work-related injuries to veterinary technicians certified in Minnesota","volume":"245","author":"Nordgren","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.g1370","article-title":"Risk of dog bite injury in veterinary practice","volume":"174","author":"Singh","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01432.x","article-title":"A survey of the risk of zoonoses for 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Regions by median and mean income"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Agro-medicine","first-page":"23","article-title":"Health hazards among veterinarians: a survey and review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Langley","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.284.6311.246","article-title":"Risks of zoonoses in a veterinary service","volume":"284","author":"Constable","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Occup Med (Lond)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqj037","article-title":"Injury in Australian veterinarians","volume":"56","author":"Fritschi","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Rev Chilena Infectol","first-page":"289","article-title":"Wildlife veterinarians rabies vaccination in Chile: a survey","volume":"32","author":"Escobar","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"144","article-title":"Occupational health hazards in veterinary medicine: zoonoses and other biological hazards","volume":"53","author":"Epp","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Trauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198808000-00020","article-title":"Trauma and the veterinarian","volume":"28","author":"Landercasper","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-004-0583-5","article-title":"Work-related accidents and occupational diseases in veterinarians and their staff","volume":"78","author":"Nienhaus","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.3.255","article-title":"Animal bites as an occupational hazard among animal control officers","volume":"74","author":"Mann","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11101.x","article-title":"Occupational health risks in veterinary nursing: an exploratory study","volume":"82","author":"van Soest","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.2.207","article-title":"Survey of occupational hazards in Minnesota veterinary practices in 2012","volume":"248","author":"Fowler","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Inj Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2007.016220","article-title":"Dog bites: still a problem?","volume":"14","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.5.597","article-title":"Use of statewide emergency department surveillance data to assess incidence of animal bite injuries among humans in North Carolina","volume":"244","author":"Rhea","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.190","article-title":"Animal bite epidemiology and surveillance for rabies postexposure prophylaxis","volume":"217","author":"Moore","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.4.425","article-title":"Evaluation of factors associated with work-related injuries to veterinary technicians certified in Minnesota","volume":"245","author":"Nordgren","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.g1370","article-title":"Risk of dog bite injury in veterinary practice","volume":"174","author":"Singh","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01432.x","article-title":"A survey of the risk of zoonoses for veterinarians","volume":"59","author":"Jackson","year":"2012"},{"issue":"RR-3","key":"ref17","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human rabies prevention\u2014United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices","volume":"57","author":"Manning","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.1.63","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of veterinary facility owners regarding rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis\u2014West Virginia, 2011","volume":"243","author":"Taylor","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.7.777","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States 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