{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:51:54Z","timestamp":1785577914480,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To describe ultrasonographic characteristics of the reproductive tract and serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations in captive female red wolves (<jats:italic>Canis rufus<\/jats:italic>) with and without reproductive tract disease.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold> Prospective study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 13 adult female red wolves.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Wolves with varying parity and history of contraceptive treatment were anesthetized to facilitate ultrasonographic examination and measurement of the reproductive tract and blood collection for determination of serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations in December 2011 and June 2012. Additionally, during the December evaluation, fine-needle aspirate samples of the uterus were obtained for cytologic evaluation. Measurements were compared between wolves with and without reproductive tract disease and between wolves that had and had not received a contraceptive.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> 7 of 13 wolves had or developed reproductive tract disease during the study. Ranges for measurements of reproductive tract structures overlapped between ultrasonographically normal and abnormal tracts, but measurements for abnormal tracts were generally greater than those for normal tracts. The ultrasonographic diagnosis was consistent with the histologic diagnosis for reproductive tracts obtained from wolves that were sterilized, were euthanized, or died during the study. Cytologic results for fine-needle aspirate samples of the uterus and serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations were unable to distinguish wolves with and without reproductive tract disease. Reproductive tract disease was not associated with parity or contraceptive administration.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> The ultrasonographic images, reproductive tract measurements, and descriptions of reproductive tract lesions provided in this study can be used as diagnostic guidelines for the treatment and management of red wolves with reproductive tract disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.252.3.343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T19:07:42Z","timestamp":1516302462000},"page":"343-352","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ultrasonographic characteristics of the reproductive tract and serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations in captive female red wolves (Canis rufus) with and without reproductive tract disease"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"252","author":[{"given":"Kadie M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandi W.","family":"Schook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Goodrowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T.","family":"Waddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen N.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Global re-introduction perspectives: 2013. Further case studies from around the globe","first-page":"107","article-title":"Re-introduction and recovery of the red wolf in the southeastern USA","author":"Bartel","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Zoo Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21069","article-title":"Factors associated with uterine endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra in wild canids: implications for fertility","volume":"33","author":"Asa","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.08-VP-0293-M-FL","article-title":"Naturally occurring and melengestrol acetate-associated reproductive tract lesions in zoo canids","volume":"46","author":"Moresco","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0002:SONRIC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Survey of necropsy results in captive red wolves (Canis rufus), 1992\u20131996","volume":"31","author":"Acton","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0198.1","article-title":"A survey of diseases in captive red wolves (Canis rufus), 1997\u20132012","volume":"47","author":"Seeley","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Small animal internal medicine","first-page":"885","article-title":"Reproductive system disorders","author":"Johnson","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Theriogenology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.023","article-title":"Canine pyometra","volume":"66","author":"Smith","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Canis rufus. Mamm Species","volume":"22","author":"Paradiso","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Nat Hist","first-page":"50","article-title":"The mysterious wolf of the south","volume":"81","author":"Nowak","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Anim Reprod Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(98)00119-5","article-title":"Characteristics of fresh and frozen-thawed red wolf (Canis rufus) spermatozoa","volume":"53","author":"Goodrowe","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Theriogenology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(03)00109-2","article-title":"Accuracy of canine parturition date prediction from the initial rise in preovulatory progesterone concentration","volume":"60","author":"Kutzler","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Zoo Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.10052","article-title":"Reproductive endocrine patterns in captive female and male red wolves (Canis rufus) assessed by fecal and serum hormone analysis","volume":"21","author":"Walker","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Reprod Fertil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1010221","article-title":"Increasing sensitivity of the pituitary to GnRH from early to late anoestrus in the Beagle bitch","volume":"101","author":"van Haaften","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0006R1.1","article-title":"Medical management of pyometra in three red wolves (Canis rufus)","volume":"44","author":"Anderson","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2001.tb01587.x","article-title":"Breed risk of pyometra in insured dogs in Sweden","volume":"15","author":"Egenvall","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Reprod Domest Anim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2004.00489.x","article-title":"Ultrasonography and cystic hyperplasia-pyometra complex in the bitch","volume":"39","author":"Bigliardi","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl","first-page":"61","article-title":"Development of a technique for transcervical collection of uterine tissue in bitches","volume":"57","author":"G\u00fcnzel-Apel","year":"2001"},{"issue":"suppl 6","key":"ref18","series-title":"Reprod Domest Anim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12109","article-title":"Diagnostic value of transcervical endometrial biopsies in domestic dogs compared with full-thickness uterine sections","volume":"47","author":"Christensen","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Theriogenology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.04.036","article-title":"Mucometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, and pyometra in the bitch: advances in treatment and assessment of future reproductive success","volume":"70","author":"Verstegen","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587601300209","article-title":"Progestogen-related gross and microscopic changes in female Beagles","volume":"13","author":"Nelson","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2003.00557.x","article-title":"Follow-up examinations of bitches after conservative treatment of pyometra with the antigestagen aglepristone","volume":"50","author":"Trasch","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1557","article-title":"Prostaglandin F2 alpha treatment of canine pyometra","volume":"189","author":"Meyers-Wallen","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Canine and feline theriogenology","first-page":"206","article-title":"Disorders of the canine uterus","author":"Johnson","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Small animal diagnostic ultrasound","first-page":"231","article-title":"Ovaries and uterus","author":"Mattoon","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2009.08.079","article-title":"Stromal cysts in the canine ovary","volume":"141","author":"Marino","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Pathology of domestic animals","first-page":"394","article-title":"The female genital system","author":"Jubb","year":"1965"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation","first-page":"192","article-title":"The internal wolf: physiology, pathology, and parasitology","author":"Kreeger","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"J Mammal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2307\/1379696","article-title":"Precopulatory and copulatory behavior in coyotes","volume":"57","author":"Bekoff","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Anim Reprod Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.05.007","article-title":"Applications of GnRH in the control and management of fertility in female animals","volume":"88","author":"Herbert","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Vet Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.44-3-320","article-title":"Histologic features of mammary carcinomas in zoo felids treated with melengestrol acetate (MGA) contraceptives","volume":"44","author":"McAloose","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Vet Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.39-4-419","article-title":"Endometrial hyperplasia and mineralization in zoo felids treated with melengestrol acetate contraceptives","volume":"39","author":"Munson","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl","first-page":"255","article-title":"Use of a GnRH analogue implant to produce reversible long-term suppression of reproductive function in male and female domestic dogs","volume":"57","author":"Trigg","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl","first-page":"175","article-title":"Use of potent LHRH analogues for chronic contraception and pregnancy termination in dogs","volume":"39","author":"Vickery","year":"1989"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/252\/3\/javma.252.3.343.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/252\/3\/javma.252.3.343.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/252\/3\/javma.252.3.343.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:59:07Z","timestamp":1741348747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/252\/3\/javma.252.3.343.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.252.3.343","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]}}}