{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:13:29Z","timestamp":1789038809702,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To evaluate quality of recovery from general anesthesia in horses after induction with propofol and ketamine versus midazolam and ketamine.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold> Prospective randomized crossover study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 6 healthy adult horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Horses were premedicated with xylazine (1.0 mg\/kg [0.45 mg\/lb], IV), and general anesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.1 mg\/kg [0.045 mg\/lb], IV) or propofol (0.5 mg\/kg [0.23 mg\/lb], IV), followed by ketamine (3.0 mg\/kg [1.36 mg\/lb], IV). Horses were endotracheally intubated, and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. After 60 minutes, horses were given romifidine (0.02 mg\/kg [0.009 mg\/lb], IV) and allowed to recover unassisted. Times to first movement, sternal recumbency, and standing and the number of attempts to stand were recorded. Plasma concentrations of propofol or midazolam were measured following induction and immediately before recovery. Recovery quality was scored by 3 graders with a recovery rubric and a visual analog scale.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Number of attempts to stand was significantly lower when horses received propofol (median, 2; range, 1 to 3) than when they received midazolam (median, 7.5; range, 3 to 16). For both the recovery rubric and visual analog scale, recovery quality was significantly better when horses received propofol than when they received midazolam. Plasma drug concentration at recovery, as a percentage of the concentration at induction, was significantly lower when horses received propofol than when they received midazolam.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Results suggested that for horses undergoing short (ie, 60 minutes) periods of general anesthesia, recovery quality may be better following induction with propofol and ketamine, compared with midazolam and ketamine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.1.101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]],"date-time":"2018-06-18T13:35:31Z","timestamp":1529328931000},"page":"101-107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Recovery of horses from general anesthesia after induction with propofol and ketamine versus midazolam and ketamine"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"253","author":[{"given":"Melanie A.","family":"Jarrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate M.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen M.","family":"Messenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Prange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Gaines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lysa P.","family":"Posner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2995.2002.00106.x","article-title":"The Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Equine Fatalities (CEPEF): mortality results of phases 1 and 2","volume":"29","author":"Johnston","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12285","article-title":"Twenty years later: a singlezcentre, repeat retrospective analysis of equine perioperative mortality and investigation of recovery quality","volume":"43","author":"Dugdale","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem229","article-title":"Risk factors for anaesthetic-related death in cats: results from the Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Small Animal Fatalities (CEPSAF)","volume":"99","author":"Brodbelt","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-34-4-325","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality associated with anesthetic management in small animal veterinary practice in Ontario","volume":"34","author":"Dyson","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2208","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002208","article-title":"Perioperative and anesthesia-related mortality: an 8-year observational survey from a tertiary teaching hospital","volume":"95","author":"Pignaton","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia: the fifth edition of Lumb and Jones","first-page":"897","article-title":"Horses","author":"Bettschart-Wolfensberger","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"170","article-title":"Effects of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists during recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia in horses","volume":"35","author":"Santos","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.4.533","article-title":"Effects of postanesthetic sedation with romifidine or xylazine on quality of recovery from isoflurane anesthesia in horses","volume":"242","author":"Woodhouse","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"195","article-title":"Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride for anesthesia in horses","volume":"38","author":"Muir","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"512","article-title":"Evaluation of propofol for general anesthesia in premedicated horses","volume":"57","author":"Mama","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2995.2002.00093.x","article-title":"Behavioral responses following eight anesthetic induction protocols in horses","volume":"29","author":"Wagner","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101906","article-title":"Propofol with ketamine following sedation with xylazine for routine induction of general anaesthesia in horses","volume":"173","author":"Posner","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12049","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of midazolam after intravenous administration to horses","volume":"45","author":"Hubbell","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep377","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic profile in relation to anaesthesia characteristics after a 5% micellar microemulsion of propofol in the horse","volume":"104","author":"Boscan","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00414.x","article-title":"Recovery of horses from general anesthesia in a darkened or illuminated recovery stall","volume":"35","author":"Clark-Price","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00160.x","article-title":"Recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia in horses: comparison to isoflurane and effect of postmedication with xylazine","volume":"27","author":"Matthews","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.5.711","article-title":"Comparison of recoveries from anesthesia of horses placed on a rapidly inflating-deflating air pillow or the floor of a padded stall","volume":"229","author":"Ray-Miller","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2000.00092.x","article-title":"The recovery of horses from inhalant anesthesia: a comparison of halothane and isoflurane","volume":"29","author":"Donaldson","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.1999.tb00938.x","article-title":"Recovery from anaesthesia in horses","volume":"11","author":"Hubbell","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00093.x","article-title":"A comparison of four systems for scoring recovery quality after general anaesthesia in horses: comparison of recovery quality scoring systems","volume":"42","author":"Vettorato","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Psychol Assess","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","article-title":"Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology","volume":"6","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.5.147","article-title":"Comparison of thiopentone\/guaifenesin, ketamine\/guaifenesin and ketamine\/midazolam for the induction of horses to be anaesthetised with isoflurane","volume":"149","author":"Gangl","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(96)90051-X","article-title":"Simultaneous infusions of propofol and ketamine in ponies premedicated with detomidine: a pharmacokinetic study","volume":"60","author":"Nolan","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1992.tb01007.x","article-title":"A comparison of the sedative effects of three alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse","volume":"15","author":"England","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1756","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of diazepam in horses","volume":"43","author":"Muir","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2995.2003.00091.x","article-title":"Evaluation of different doses of propofol in xylazine pre-medicated horses","volume":"30","author":"Frias","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02926.x","article-title":"Factors influencing the outcome of equine anaesthesia: a review of 1,314 cases","volume":"25","author":"Young","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Cornell Vet","first-page":"219","article-title":"Repetitive injectable anesthesia in a 27-year-old horse","volume":"83","author":"Matthews","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00782.x","article-title":"Assessment of unassisted recovery from repeated general isoflurane anesthesia in horses following post-anesthetic administration of xylazine or acepromazine or a combination of xylazine and ketamine","volume":"40","author":"Valverde","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/253\/1\/javma.253.1.101.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/253\/1\/javma.253.1.101.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/253\/1\/javma.253.1.101.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:00:12Z","timestamp":1741348812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/253\/1\/javma.253.1.101.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.253.1.101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]}}}