{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:07:46Z","timestamp":1787026066355,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CASE DESCRIPTION<\/jats:bold>\n                    Over a 2-year period, 6 horses (4 Selle Fran\u00e7ais, 1 Hanoverian, and 1 Thoroughbred) were referred for evaluation of forelimb lameness. All horses had radiographic evidence of synostosis of the first and second ribs (SFSR).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CLINICAL FINDINGS<\/jats:bold>\n                    For 1 horse, the SFSR was considered the probable cause of the lameness (grade 3\/5), with a shortening of the cranial phase of the stride in the affected limb. For 3 horses, it was considered a possible cause of the lameness (grade 1\/5) for the same reason. For 2 horses, SFSR was considered an incidental finding unassociated with any clinical signs. The 4 horses with lameness suspected as attributable to SFSR had a moderate to severe amount of irregularly marginated new bone formation at the site of the SFSR, with a cranial displacement of the first rib, compared with findings for the 2 horses in which the SFSR was considered incidental. A likely congenital abnormality of the first rib was first suspected on nuclear scintigraphy in the 1 horse for which it was performed or on radiography of the caudal cervical portion of the vertebral column (3 horses) or shoulder joint (2 horses).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:bold>\n                    The horse in which SFSR was considered the probable cause of the lameness was retired to the field and remained chronically lame. Two of the 3 horses in which SFSR was considered a possible cause of lameness received an IV infusion of tiludronate disodium and mesotherapy over the caudal cervical and cranial thoracic regions; both returned to competition but with poor results. One of the 2 horses with subclinical SFSR never developed lameness on the affected side. No follow-up information was available for the other 2 horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    SFSR can be an incidental finding in horses, with or without clinical manifestations. This abnormality should be considered as a differential diagnosis for horses with forelimb lameness and associated shortening of the cranial phase of the stride that fails to improve with diagnostic analgesic techniques.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.5.611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,15]],"date-time":"2018-08-15T13:58:31Z","timestamp":1534341511000},"page":"611-616","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Synostosis of the first and second ribs in six horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"253","author":[{"given":"Tibor","family":"Rovel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Coudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marie","family":"Denoix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Audigie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Clinical radiology of the horse","first-page":"273","article-title":"Chapter 6. The shoulder, humerus, elbow and radius","author":"Butler","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.3.329","article-title":"Efficacy of tiludronate in the treatment of horses with signs of pain associated with osteoarthritic lesions of the thoracolumbar vertebral column","volume":"68","author":"Coudry","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse","first-page":"592","article-title":"Chapter 52. The thoracolumbar spine","author":"Denoix","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse","first-page":"282","article-title":"Chapter 27. The foot and shoeing","author":"Parks","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse","first-page":"136","article-title":"Chapter 11. Neurological examination and neurological conditions causing gait deficits","author":"Beech","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2011.01824.x","article-title":"Clinical relevance of abnormal scintigraphic findings of adult equine ribs","volume":"52","author":"Dahlberg","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"191","article-title":"Thoracolumbar malformations or injuries and neurological manifestations","volume":"17","author":"Denoix","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Anat Physiol","first-page":"384","article-title":"Cervical ribs and the so called bicipital ribs in man, in relation to corresponding structures in the Cetacea","volume":"17","author":"Turner","year":"1883"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Int J Anat Res","first-page":"104","article-title":"An unusual case of synostosis of first and second rib","volume":"01","author":"Anupama","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Vasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.123750","article-title":"Management of cervical ribs and anomalous first ribs causing neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Sanders","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.08.034","article-title":"Thoracic outlet syndrome caused by synostosis of the first and second thoracic ribs: 2 case reports and review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"Reidler","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Anatomie compar\u00e9e des mammif\u00e8res domestiques. Tome 7: neurologie II, syst\u00e8me nerveux p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique, glandes endocrines, esth\u00e9siologie","first-page":"169","article-title":"Chapitre II. Nerfs spinaux, III-plexus brachial","author":"Barone","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"359","article-title":"Osseous abnormalities in thoracic cage seen in forty thousand consecutive chest photoroentgenograms","volume":"51","author":"Etter","year":"1944"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Anat Soc India","first-page":"189","article-title":"Synostosis of first and second rib\u2014case report","volume":"58","author":"Anita","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse","first-page":"215","article-title":"Chapter 19. Nuclear medicine","author":"Ross","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Int J Anat Var","first-page":"131","article-title":"Synostosis of first and second thoracic ribs: anatomical and radiological assessment","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.04.050","article-title":"Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Sanders","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Kozin Green's operative hand surgery","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Thoracic outlet compression syndrome","author":"Meyer","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Q","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1999.9694983","article-title":"Electromyography in the horse in veterinary medicine and in veterinary research\u2014a review","volume":"21","author":"van Wessum","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"718","article-title":"The role of electromyography in clinical diagnosis of neuromuscular locomotor problems in the horse","volume":"36","author":"Wijnberg","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Clinical radiology of the horse","first-page":"273","article-title":"Chapter 6. The shoulder, humerus, elbow and radius","author":"Butler","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.3.329","article-title":"Efficacy of tiludronate in the treatment of horses with signs of pain associated with osteoarthritic lesions of the thoracolumbar vertebral column","volume":"68","author":"Coudry","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse","first-page":"592","article-title":"Chapter 52. The thoracolumbar spine","author":"Denoix","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse","first-page":"282","article-title":"Chapter 27. The foot and shoeing","author":"Parks","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse","first-page":"136","article-title":"Chapter 11. Neurological examination and neurological conditions causing gait deficits","author":"Beech","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2011.01824.x","article-title":"Clinical relevance of abnormal scintigraphic findings of adult equine ribs","volume":"52","author":"Dahlberg","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"191","article-title":"Thoracolumbar malformations or injuries and neurological manifestations","volume":"17","author":"Denoix","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Anat Physiol","first-page":"384","article-title":"Cervical ribs and the so called bicipital ribs in man, in relation to corresponding structures in the Cetacea","volume":"17","author":"Turner","year":"1883"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Int J Anat Res","first-page":"104","article-title":"An unusual case of synostosis of first and second rib","volume":"01","author":"Anupama","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Vasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.123750","article-title":"Management of cervical ribs and anomalous first ribs causing neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Sanders","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.08.034","article-title":"Thoracic outlet syndrome caused by synostosis of the first and second thoracic ribs: 2 case reports and review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"Reidler","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Anatomie compar\u00e9e des mammif\u00e8res domestiques. Tome 7: neurologie II, syst\u00e8me nerveux p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique, glandes endocrines, esth\u00e9siologie","first-page":"169","article-title":"Chapitre II. Nerfs spinaux, III-plexus brachial","author":"Barone","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"359","article-title":"Osseous abnormalities in thoracic cage seen in forty thousand consecutive chest photoroentgenograms","volume":"51","author":"Etter","year":"1944"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Anat Soc India","first-page":"189","article-title":"Synostosis of first and second rib\u2014case report","volume":"58","author":"Anita","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse","first-page":"215","article-title":"Chapter 19. Nuclear medicine","author":"Ross","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Int J Anat Var","first-page":"131","article-title":"Synostosis of first and second thoracic ribs: anatomical and radiological assessment","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.04.050","article-title":"Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Sanders","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Kozin Green's operative hand surgery","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Thoracic outlet compression syndrome","author":"Meyer","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Q","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1999.9694983","article-title":"Electromyography in the horse in veterinary medicine and in veterinary research\u2014a review","volume":"21","author":"van Wessum","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"718","article-title":"The role of electromyography in clinical diagnosis of neuromuscular locomotor problems in the horse","volume":"36","author":"Wijnberg","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/253\/5\/javma.253.5.611.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/253\/5\/javma.253.5.611.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/253\/5\/javma.253.5.611.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:09:04Z","timestamp":1775765344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/253\/5\/javma.253.5.611.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.253.5.611","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]]}}}