{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:21:26Z","timestamp":1771478486434,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To characterize the clients served by and the cats and dogs admitted to nonprofit spay-neuter clinics.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold> Cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>SAMPLE<\/jats:bold> 2,154 dogs and 1,902 cats that were owned by 3,768 survey respondents and admitted to 22 nonprofit spay-neuter clinics across the United States between April 29, 2013, and January 24, 2014.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Participating clinics distributed surveys to clients during each of 4 quarterly study weeks. The survey collected descriptive information about clients' pets and households as well as their decision-making regarding sterilization of their pets. For each of the study weeks, clinics reported the total number of surgeries, including those involving shelter animals, feral cats, and other owned animals.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Respondents indicated that 49% of dogs and 77% of cats had not been examined previously by a veterinarian, except during vaccine clinics. Among animals \u2265 4 months of age, 1,144 of 1,416 (81%) cats and 572 of 1,794 (32%) dogs had not received a rabies vaccination. Previous litters were reported for 204 of 716 (28%) queens and 153 of 904 (17%) bitches. Most clients' (53%) household income was &lt; $30,000 annually. Common reasons for clinic choice included cost; friend, neighbor, or family recommendation; and good reputation.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Nonprofit spay-neuter clinics predominantly served low-income clients and animals lacking regular veterinary care, in addition to animals from shelters and community cats. These clinics increase access to services needed for animal population control and public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.6.737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]],"date-time":"2018-09-04T15:22:15Z","timestamp":1536074535000},"page":"737-745","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Characteristics of clients and animals served by high-volume, stationary, nonprofit spay-neuter clinics"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"253","author":[{"given":"Sara C.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet M.","family":"Scarlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie K.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"The pet statistics page","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"State of the animals II","first-page":"9","article-title":"Companion animal demographics in the United States: a historical perspective","author":"Clancy","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.249.2.165","article-title":"The Association of Shelter Veterinarians' 2016 veterinary medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs","volume":"249","author":"Griffin","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Open J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4236\/ojas.2014.44021","article-title":"Effects of a geographically targeted intervention and creative outreach to reduce shelter intake in Portland, Oregon","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Appl Anim Welf Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/10888700903579903","article-title":"Impact of publicly sponsored neutering programs on animal population dynamics at animal shelters: the New Hampshire and Austin experiences","volume":"13","author":"White","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Appl Anim Welf Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2012.624902","article-title":"Impact of a subsidized spay neuter clinic on impoundments and euthanasia in a community shelter and on service and complaint calls to animal control","volume":"15","author":"Scarlett","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Replacing myth with math: using evidence-based programs to eradicate shelter overpopulation","first-page":"1","article-title":"Replacing myth with math: Using data to design shelter overpopulation programs","author":"Marsh","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Statistics following 46 Montana spay\/neuter task force visits to Montana communities","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.001","article-title":"Effect of high-impact targeted trap-neuter-return and adoption of community cats on cat intake to a shelter","volume":"201","author":"Levy","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Peer J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e646","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.646","article-title":"Study of the effect on shelter cat intakes and euthanasia from a shelter neuter return project of 10,080 cats from March 2010 to June 2014","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"US pet ownership & demographics sourcebook","first-page":"153","article-title":"Pet owner profiles","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.8.1023","article-title":"Population characteristics and neuter status of cats living in households in the United States","volume":"234","author":"Chu","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Pet adoption & spay\/neuter: understanding public perceptions by the numbers [webinar]","author":"Campbell","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Appl Anim Welf Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327604jaws0704_1","article-title":"Birth and death rate estimates of cats and dogs in US households and related factors","volume":"7","author":"New","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.249.5.490","article-title":"Characteristics of cats sterilized through a subsidized, reduced-cost spay-neuter program in Massachusetts and of owners who had cats sterilized through this program","volume":"249","author":"Benka","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Animal Sheltering","author":"Falconer","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Veterinarians' zeal to close low-cost and non-profit clinics is misplaced. 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