{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:07:20Z","timestamp":1790215640327,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To describe use of a modified open castration technique with a scrotal approach and primary closure in equids.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold> Prospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 38 client-owned, sexually intact male equids.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> With owner consent, elective castration was performed with a modified open technique on patients (1 pony, 1 miniature horse, and 36 horses of other breeds) under general anesthesia. The procedure included minimal dissection into the scrotal region for removal of testes, with cremaster muscles left intact and the parietal vaginal tunic closed in place. Primary closure of surgical wounds was performed. Patients were monitored for signs of complications. Signalment, surgery-related variables, results of ultrasonographic imaging, postoperative treatments, and outcomes were recorded. Follow-up information was obtained from owners \u2265 6 months after surgery. Medical records were reviewed, and descriptive data were reported.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Median anesthesia and surgery times were 113.5 and 60 minutes, respectively. Duration of hospitalization ranged from 1 to 3 days. No intraoperative complications were observed. Postoperative complications (moderate swelling in the scrotal region) developed in 2 of 38 (5%) patients. Mild scrotal swelling (n = 5) and transient pyrexia (typically mild; 9) also occurred; no patients had signs of postoperative bleeding, infection, or colic. All equids gradually returned to exercise beginning 10 days after the procedure. Cosmetic results were considered excellent.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> The modified castration technique was considered simple to perform and advantageous because of the low complication rate, excellent cosmetic results, and prompt return to intended use after surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.7.897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]],"date-time":"2018-09-13T14:20:56Z","timestamp":1536848456000},"page":"897-906","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Minimally invasive, compartmentalized, modified open castration technique with primary closure in equids"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"253","author":[{"given":"Albert Torrent","family":"Crosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc R.","family":"Desjardins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1972.tb05159.x","article-title":"Eventration as a sequel to castration of the horse","volume":"48","author":"Hutchins","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine reproduction","first-page":"907","article-title":"Castration","author":"Trotter","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"764","article-title":"Postcastration eventration in 18 horses: the prognostic indicators for long-term survival (1985\u20131995)","volume":"39","author":"Thomas","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Equine surgery","first-page":"804","article-title":"Testis","author":"Schumacher","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"336","article-title":"Routine castration in 568 draught colts: incidence of evisceration and omental herniation","volume":"36","author":"Shoemaker","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"468","article-title":"Costs and complications of equine castration: a UK practice based study comparing \u2018standing nonsutured\u2019 and \u2018recumbent sutured\u2019 techniques","volume":"37","author":"Mason","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X281162","article-title":"Evaluation of common vaginal tunic ligation during field castration in draught colts","volume":"40","author":"Carmalt","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.6.820","article-title":"Incidence, management, and outcome of complications of castration in equids: 324 cases (1998\u20132008)","volume":"242","author":"Kilcoyne","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30626-0","article-title":"The complications of castration and ovariectomy","volume":"4","author":"Nickels","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Equine surgery","first-page":"13","article-title":"Professional liability in equine surgery","author":"Wilson","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2009.00591.x","article-title":"Challenging the current paradigm of equine castration","volume":"38","author":"Maxwell","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"In Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.21.6.298","article-title":"Complications associated with castration in the horse","volume":"21","author":"Railton","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"1835","article-title":"Management of complications associated with equine castration","volume":"13","author":"Hunt","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneeskd","first-page":"717","article-title":"Primaire sluiting van de scrotaalwond bij de castratie van de hangst","volume":"108","author":"Rutgers","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.115.15.372","article-title":"Castration of horses and donkeys with first intention healing","volume":"115","author":"Cox","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Proceedings. 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