{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:10:13Z","timestamp":1775769013293,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare use of a vessel-sealing device (VSD) versus conventional hemostatic techniques in dogs undergoing thyroidectomy because of suspected thyroid carcinoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n                    <jats:title>DESIGN<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n                    <jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>42 client-owned dogs undergoing thyroidectomy because of suspected thyroid carcinoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n                    <jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records of dogs treated at 4 referral centers from 2010 through 2016 were reviewed, and information was obtained on patient signalment, surgical technique, tumor-specific factors, and operative duration. Postoperative hospitalization time and complications were compared between dogs grouped on the basis of hemostatic technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroidectomy was performed with a VSD in 23 dogs and with conventional hemostatic techniques (ie, ligatures, hemoclips, or electrocautery) in 19 dogs. Hemostatic technique (ie, use of a VSD vs conventional hemostatic techniques) was the only factor significantly associated with operative duration (median time, 28 vs 41 minutes). Postoperative hospitalization times and complication rates did not differ between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s006\">\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results suggested that use of a VSD, rather than conventional hemostatic techniques, in dogs undergoing thyroidectomy because of suspected thyroid carcinoma resulted in shorter operative times without significantly affecting complication rates or postoperative hospitalization times.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.10.1186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T14:28:48Z","timestamp":1556634528000},"page":"1186-1191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Use of a vessel-sealing device versus conventional hemostatic techniques in dogs undergoing thyroidectomy because of suspected thyroid carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"254","author":[{"given":"Maxime","family":"Lorange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Rive-Sud, 7415 Taschereau Blvd, Brossard, QC J4Y 1A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"De Arburn Parent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Rive-Sud, 7415 Taschereau Blvd, Brossard, QC J4Y 1A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Huneault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Rive-Sud, 7415 Taschereau Blvd, Brossard, QC J4Y 1A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Gatineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Centre V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire DMV, 2300 54e Ave, Lachine, QC H8T 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Auger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Rive-Sud, 7415 Taschereau Blvd, Brossard, QC J4Y 1A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julius M.","family":"Liptak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3VCA Canada\u2013Alta Vista Animal Hospital, 2616 Bank St, Ottawa, ON K1T 1M9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Treatment of thyroid carcinoma in dogs by surgical resection alone: 20 cases (1981\u20131989)","volume":"206","author":"Klein","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.1775","article-title":"Prognostic factors and patterns of treatment failure in dogs with unresectable differentiated thyroid carcinomas treated with megavoltage irradiation","volume":"216","author":"Th\u00e9on","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.4.542","article-title":"Sodium iodide 131I treatment of dogs with nonresectable thyroid tumors: 39 cases (1990\u20132003)","volume":"229","author":"Turrel","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.1.95","article-title":"Outcome following simultaneous bilateral thyroid lobectomy for treatment of thyroid gland carcinoma in dogs: 15 cases (1994\u20132010)","volume":"241","author":"Tuohy","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.363","article-title":"Computer-assisted image analysis of neovascularization in thyroid neoplasms from dogs","volume":"63","author":"Kent","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.649","article-title":"Acute severe hemorrhage secondary to arterial invasion in a dog with thyroid carcinoma","volume":"223","author":"Slensky","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12436","article-title":"Clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical prognostic factors in dogs with thyroid carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Campos","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00280.x","article-title":"Comparison of three techniques for ovarian pedicle hemostasis during laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy","volume":"36","author":"Mayhew","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00428.x","article-title":"Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for management of uncomplicated gall bladder mucocele in six dogs","volume":"37","author":"Mayhew","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00719.x","article-title":"Comparison of 5 surgical techniques for partial liver lobectomy in the dog for intraoperative blood loss and surgical time","volume":"39","author":"Risselada","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2011.01040.x","article-title":"Use of a bipolar vessel-sealing device in resection of canine insulinoma","volume":"52","author":"Wouters","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00757.x","article-title":"Use of a vessel sealant device for splenectomy in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Rivier","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00984.x","article-title":"Use of the LigaSure vessel-sealing device for thoracoscopic peripheral lung biopsy in healthy dogs","volume":"41","author":"Mayhew","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5981","article-title":"Decreased surgical time with a vessel sealing device versus a surgical stapler in performance of canine splenectomy","volume":"50","author":"Monarski","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.8.916","article-title":"Laparoscopic-assisted splenectomy in dogs: 18 cases (2012\u20132014)","volume":"248","author":"Wright","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1007\/s004649900733","article-title":"High-burst strength, feedback-controlled bipolar vessel sealing","volume":"12","author":"Kennedy","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s004640080025","article-title":"Initial results with an electrothermal bipolar vessel sealer","volume":"15","author":"Heniford","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-001-9058-x","article-title":"A new bipolar feedback-controlled sealing system for closure of the cystic duct and artery","volume":"16","author":"Shamiyeh","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Endourol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1089\/end.1996.10.431","article-title":"Laparoscopic coagulating shears: alternative methods of hemostatic control of unsupported tissue","volume":"10","author":"Hoenig","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1089\/109264202753486957","article-title":"Comparison of thermal spread after ureteral ligation with the ultrasonic shears and LigaSure system","volume":"12","author":"Goldstein","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-002-8833-7","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasonic energy, bipolar thermal energy, and vascular clips for the hemostasis of small-, medium-, and large-sized arteries","volume":"17","author":"Harold","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Arch Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2009.201","article-title":"Prospective clinical trials of thyroidectomy with LigaSure vs conventional vessel ligation a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Yao","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1586\/erd.13.6","article-title":"Electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing system (LigaSure) for hemostasis during thyroid surgery: a comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Butskiy","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Saunders veterinary surgery: small animal","article-title":"Thyroid and parathyroid glands","author":"S\u00e9guin","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"TNM classification of tumours in domestic animals","author":"Owen","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.1.85","article-title":"Perioperative red blood cell transfusion requirement for various surgical procedures in dogs: 207 cases (2004-2013)","volume":"247","author":"Haley","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"ANZ J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2012.06247.x","article-title":"Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in thyroid surgery: a review","volume":"83","author":"Hayward","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Br J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6901","article-title":"Comparison of lateral thermal spread using monopolar and bipolar diathermy, the Harmonic Scalpel and the LigaSure","volume":"97","author":"Sutton","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Can J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.000711","article-title":"Comparison of lateral thermal damage of the human peritoneum using monopolar diathermy, Harmonic scalpel and LigaSure","volume":"55","author":"Dru\u017eijani\u0107","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1167721","article-title":"Lateral spread of heat during thyroidectomy using different haemostatic devices","volume":"22","author":"Adamczewski","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Treatment of thyroid carcinoma in dogs by surgical resection alone: 20 cases (1981\u20131989)","volume":"206","author":"Klein","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.1775","article-title":"Prognostic factors and patterns of treatment failure in dogs with unresectable differentiated thyroid carcinomas treated with megavoltage irradiation","volume":"216","author":"Th\u00e9on","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.4.542","article-title":"Sodium iodide 131I treatment of dogs with nonresectable thyroid tumors: 39 cases (1990\u20132003)","volume":"229","author":"Turrel","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.1.95","article-title":"Outcome following simultaneous bilateral thyroid lobectomy for treatment of thyroid gland carcinoma in dogs: 15 cases (1994\u20132010)","volume":"241","author":"Tuohy","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.363","article-title":"Computer-assisted image analysis of neovascularization in thyroid neoplasms from dogs","volume":"63","author":"Kent","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.649","article-title":"Acute severe hemorrhage secondary to arterial invasion in a dog with thyroid carcinoma","volume":"223","author":"Slensky","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12436","article-title":"Clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical prognostic factors in dogs with thyroid carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Campos","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00280.x","article-title":"Comparison of three techniques for ovarian pedicle hemostasis during laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy","volume":"36","author":"Mayhew","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00428.x","article-title":"Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for management of uncomplicated gall bladder mucocele in six dogs","volume":"37","author":"Mayhew","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00719.x","article-title":"Comparison of 5 surgical techniques for partial liver lobectomy in the dog for intraoperative blood loss and surgical time","volume":"39","author":"Risselada","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2011.01040.x","article-title":"Use of a bipolar vessel-sealing device in resection of canine insulinoma","volume":"52","author":"Wouters","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00757.x","article-title":"Use of a vessel sealant device for splenectomy in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Rivier","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00984.x","article-title":"Use of the LigaSure vessel-sealing device for thoracoscopic peripheral lung biopsy in healthy dogs","volume":"41","author":"Mayhew","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5981","article-title":"Decreased surgical time with a vessel sealing device versus a surgical stapler in performance of canine splenectomy","volume":"50","author":"Monarski","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.8.916","article-title":"Laparoscopic-assisted splenectomy in dogs: 18 cases (2012\u20132014)","volume":"248","author":"Wright","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1007\/s004649900733","article-title":"High-burst strength, feedback-controlled bipolar vessel sealing","volume":"12","author":"Kennedy","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s004640080025","article-title":"Initial results with an electrothermal bipolar vessel sealer","volume":"15","author":"Heniford","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-001-9058-x","article-title":"A new bipolar feedback-controlled sealing system for closure of the cystic duct and artery","volume":"16","author":"Shamiyeh","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Endourol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1089\/end.1996.10.431","article-title":"Laparoscopic coagulating shears: alternative methods of hemostatic control of unsupported tissue","volume":"10","author":"Hoenig","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1089\/109264202753486957","article-title":"Comparison of thermal spread after ureteral ligation with the ultrasonic shears and LigaSure system","volume":"12","author":"Goldstein","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-002-8833-7","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasonic energy, bipolar thermal energy, and vascular clips for the hemostasis of small-, medium-, and large-sized arteries","volume":"17","author":"Harold","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Arch Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2009.201","article-title":"Prospective clinical trials of thyroidectomy with LigaSure vs conventional vessel ligation a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Yao","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1586\/erd.13.6","article-title":"Electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing system (LigaSure) for hemostasis during thyroid surgery: a comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Butskiy","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Saunders veterinary surgery: small animal","article-title":"Thyroid and parathyroid glands","author":"S\u00e9guin","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"TNM classification of tumours in domestic animals","author":"Owen","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.1.85","article-title":"Perioperative red blood cell transfusion requirement for various surgical procedures in dogs: 207 cases (2004-2013)","volume":"247","author":"Haley","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"ANZ J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2012.06247.x","article-title":"Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in thyroid surgery: a review","volume":"83","author":"Hayward","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Br J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6901","article-title":"Comparison of lateral thermal spread using monopolar and bipolar diathermy, the Harmonic Scalpel and the LigaSure","volume":"97","author":"Sutton","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Can J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.000711","article-title":"Comparison of lateral thermal damage of the human peritoneum using monopolar diathermy, Harmonic scalpel and LigaSure","volume":"55","author":"Dru\u017eijani\u0107","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1167721","article-title":"Lateral spread of heat during thyroidectomy using different haemostatic devices","volume":"22","author":"Adamczewski","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/254\/10\/javma.254.10.1186.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/254\/10\/javma.254.10.1186.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/254\/10\/javma.254.10.1186.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:09:15Z","timestamp":1775765355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/254\/10\/javma.254.10.1186.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.254.10.1186","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]}}}