{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:18:34Z","timestamp":1781662714455,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To compare characteristics of recovery from isoflurane anesthesia in healthy nonpremedicated dogs after anesthetic induction by IV administration of tiletamine-zolazepam with those observed after induction by IV administration of alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, or propofol.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold> Prospective, randomized crossover study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 6 healthy adult hounds.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Each dog underwent the 4 treatments in random order with a \u2265 7-day washout period between anesthetic episodes. Anesthesia was induced by IV administration of the assigned induction drug or combination (each to effect in 25% increments of calculated dose) and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen for 60 minutes. Cardiorespiratory variables and end-tidal isoflurane concentration (ET<jats:sub>ISO<\/jats:sub>) were measured just before isoflurane administration was discontinued. Dogs were observed and video recorded during recovery. Recovery characteristics were retrospectively scored from recordings by 3 raters. Interrater and intrarater reliability of scoring was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient calculation. Linear and mixed ANOVAs were used to compare extubation times, recovery scores, and body temperature among treatments.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Most cardiorespiratory variables, body temperature, ET<jats:sub>ISO<\/jats:sub>, and time to extubation did not differ between tiletamine-zolazepam and other induction treatments. Recovery scores were lower (indicating better recovery characteristics) with propofol or alfaxalone than with tiletamine-zolazepam but did not differ between tiletamine-zolazepam and ketamine-diazepam treatments. Anesthetic episode number and ET<jats:sub>ISO<\/jats:sub> had no effect on extubation time or recovery score. Intrarater and interrater correlations for recovery scores were excellent.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Recovery of healthy dogs from anesthesia with isoflurane after induction with tiletamine-zolazepam was uncomplicated and had characteristics comparable to those observed following induction with ketamine-diazepam. However, recovery characteristics were improved when anesthesia was induced with propofol or alfaxalone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.12.1421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]],"date-time":"2019-05-31T13:11:11Z","timestamp":1559308271000},"page":"1421-1426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Recovery characteristics of dogs following anesthesia induced with tiletamine-zolazepam, alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, or propofol and maintained with isoflurane"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"254","author":[{"given":"Chiara E.","family":"Hampton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Riebold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald E.","family":"Mandsager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331."},{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael094","article-title":"Emergence delirium in adults in the post-anaesthesia care unit","volume":"96","author":"Lepous\u00e9","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1996.tb01431.x","article-title":"Comparison of three methods for relief of pain after ear canal ablation in 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imaging","volume":"39","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Psychol Assess","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","article-title":"Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology","volume":"6","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00689.x","article-title":"The effects of nitrous oxide on recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia in dogs","volume":"50","author":"Laing","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(99)50060-0","article-title":"Etomidate and telazol","volume":"29","author":"Pablo","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00406.x","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of clinical and supraclinical doses of alfaxalone in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Muir","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.10.003","article-title":"Effect of intravenous dose escalation with alfaxalone and propofol on occurrence of apnoea in the dog","volume":"93","author":"Keates","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"795","article-title":"Cardiovascular changes in dogs given diazepam and diazepam-ketamine","volume":"47","author":"Haskins","year":"1986"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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