{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T15:36:54Z","timestamp":1769269014303,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To identify environmental and other variables associated with a diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>DESIGN<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>31 dogs that received a histologic diagnosis of GME (case dogs) from January 2003 to January 2014 and 91 age- and breed-matched dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data were obtained from each dog's medical records regarding home address, signalment, body weight, body condition score (BCS), vaccination history, and date of diagnosis (case dogs) or visit (control dogs). Home address data were used to determine the human population density in each dog's geographic region. Seasonal distributions of GME diagnoses in the case group were evaluated for differences. Case and control dogs were compared with respect to the remaining variables.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For case dogs, no significant difference was identified among seasons in the distribution of GME diagnoses; however, such diagnoses were more common in the spring than in other seasons. No significant differences were identified between case and control dogs in age, body weight, BCS, human population density, season of diagnosis or visit, or time of last vaccination. Although females appeared more likely than males to have a GME diagnosis, this association was not significant and did not change when BCS, time since last vaccination, or human population density was considered.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s006\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>None of the evaluated factors, including investigated environmental triggers, were associated with a GME diagnosis in the dogs of this study. Additional research is warranted involving dogs from a broader geographic area.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.7.822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T14:21:04Z","timestamp":1553005264000},"page":"822-825","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Case-control study of risk factors for granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"254","author":[{"given":"Heidi L.","family":"Barnes Heller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin N.","family":"Granick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2UW Veterinary Care, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie E.","family":"Pinkerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Keuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4School of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Statistics, College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.03.031","article-title":"Clinical findings and treatment of non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs: a systematic review of 457 published cases from 1962 to 2008","volume":"184","author":"Granger","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet 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