{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:24:00Z","timestamp":1788452640275,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To characterize clinical and pathological findings of rabbits evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital because of dystocia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>DESIGN<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>9 client-owned rabbits and 1 wild rabbit with signs of dystocia evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital from 1996 through 2016.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Medical records of rabbits were reviewed to collect data on signalment; medical history; physical examination, laboratory, diagnostic imaging, and procedural findings; treatment; final diagnosis; and outcome. Data were summarized.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dystocia in 7 rabbits was successfully managed through medical treatment, assisted vaginal delivery, or both (n = 6) or surgery alone (1); 3 rabbits were euthanized. Primiparous does, does \u2264 4 years old, and does of small breeds (&lt; 2 kg [4.4 lb]) were most common. All client-owned rabbits had clinical signs of abnormal second-stage parturition, whereas the wild rabbit had only hemorrhagic vulvar discharge. Imaging was used to identify the number, size, and state of fetuses in most rabbits. Overall, 35 fetuses were accounted for, 25 of which were dead or later died. The cause of dystocia was determined for 8 rabbits and included fetal-maternal mismatch (n = 4), uterine inertia (2), fetal death or mummification (1), and stress-induced abortion (1).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s006\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Obstructive dystocia from fetal macrosomia with or without secondary uterine inertia was the most common cause of dystocia in the evaluated rabbits. Although medical management was successful for many rabbits with dystocia in this study, surgery could still be required in other affected rabbits, particularly when fetal-maternal mismatch is involved.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.8.953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T14:55:29Z","timestamp":1554216929000},"page":"953-959","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Clinical and pathological findings for rabbits with dystocia: 10 cases (1996\u20132016)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"254","author":[{"given":"Molly D.","family":"Gleeson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sanchez-Migallon Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne R.","family":"Paul-Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2004.10.006","article-title":"Reproductive 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