{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:45:00Z","timestamp":1785577500577,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To explore associations between demographic, occupational, and mental health characteristics and negative attitudes toward mental illness among veterinarians.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>DESIGN<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>SAMPLE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>9,522 veterinarians employed in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data from a previously conducted voluntary, anonymous, web-based survey were used. Negative attitude was defined as slight or strong disagreement with 2 statements: \u201cTreatment can help people with mental illness lead normal lives\u201d (treatment effectiveness) and \u201cPeople are generally caring and sympathetic to people with mental illness\u201d (social support). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with negative attitudes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of the 9,522 respondents, 6,585 (69.2%) were female, 4,523 (47.5%) were 40 to 59 years old, 291 (3.1%) had a negative attitude toward treatment effectiveness, and 4,504 (47.3%) had a negative attitude toward social support. After adjusting for other variables, negative attitude toward treatment effectiveness was significantly more likely in males, those with 10 to 19 (vs 1 to 9) years of practice experience, solo practitioners, those in government (vs \u201cother\u201d) practice, those with evidence of serious psychological distress, and those reporting suicidal ideation after veterinary school and significantly less likely in those receiving mental health treatment. A negative attitude toward social support was significantly less likely in males and significantly more likely in 40 to 59 (vs 20 to 39) year olds, childless respondents, solo practitioners, those without membership in a veterinary association, those with evidence of serious psychological distress, those reporting depression during or after veterinary school, and those reporting suicidal ideation after veterinary school.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s006\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Characteristics such as age, sex, practice setting, and mental illness history might be useful to consider when targeting interventions to support and educate veterinarians about mental illness.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.8.979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T14:55:29Z","timestamp":1554216929000},"page":"979-985","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Characteristics associated with negative attitudes toward mental illness among US veterinarians"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"254","author":[{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Kassem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329."},{"name":"3Division of Public Health, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, 450 W State St, Boise, ID 83702."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy K.","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall J.","family":"Nett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris K.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329."},{"name":"3Division of Public Health, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, 450 W State St, Boise, ID 83702."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Int J Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910250203","article-title":"Cancer and other causes of death among United States veterinarians, 1966\u20131977","volume":"25","author":"Blair","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/11.4.391","article-title":"Mortality patterns among US veterinarians, 1947\u20131977: an expanded study","volume":"11","author":"Blair","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Public Health Rep","first-page":"160","article-title":"Deaths among members of the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, 1965\u201389","volume":"107","author":"Lange","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Ind Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700270105","article-title":"Suicide, cancer, and other causes of death among California veterinarians, 1960\u20131992","volume":"27","author":"Miller","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"131","article-title":"Notes from the field: prevalence of risk factors for suicide among veterinarians\u2014United States, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Nett","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.8.945","article-title":"Risk factors for suicide, attitudes toward mental illness, and practice-related stressors among US veterinarians","volume":"247","author":"Nett","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.2.207","article-title":"Survey of occupational hazards in Minnesota veterinary practices in 2012","volume":"248","author":"Fowler","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Med Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0311.034R","article-title":"Failure to acknowledge high suicide risk among veterinarians","volume":"39","author":"Skipper","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.b4794","article-title":"Veterinary surgeons and suicide: a structured review of possible influences on increased risk","volume":"166","author":"Bartram","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Occup Med (Lond)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqq044","article-title":"Systematic review of the prevalence of suicide in veterinary surgeons","volume":"60","author":"Platt","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0328-6","article-title":"Suicidal behaviour and psychosocial problems in veterinary surgeons: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Platt","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2011.00833.x","article-title":"Workplace stress, mental health, and burnout of veterinarians in Australia","volume":"89","author":"Hatch","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12037","article-title":"Mental health in female veterinarians: effects of working hours and having children","volume":"91","author":"Shirangi","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"858","article-title":"The treatment gap in mental health care","volume":"82","author":"Kohn","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Med Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31817a835d","article-title":"National health surveys and the behavioral model of health services use","volume":"46","author":"Andersen","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Psychosoc Med","first-page":"Doc11","article-title":"Re-revisiting Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use: a systematic review of studies from 1998\u20132011","volume":"9","author":"Babitsch","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Psychol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000129","article-title":"What is the impact of mental health\u2013related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies","volume":"45","author":"Clement","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.09.030","article-title":"Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Livingston","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Am J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301321","article-title":"Attitudes toward mental illness in adults by mental illness\u2013related factors and chronic disease status: 2007 and 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System","volume":"103","author":"Kobau","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Community Ment Health J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-009-9191-x","article-title":"Attitudes about mental illness and its treatment: validation of a generic scale for public health surveillance of mental illness associated stigma","volume":"46","author":"Kobau","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"619","article-title":"Attitudes toward mental illness\u201435 states, DC, and Puerto Rico, 2007","volume":"59","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184","article-title":"Screening for serious mental illness in the general population","volume":"60","author":"Kessler","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"BMC Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0706-4","article-title":"The effectiveness of interventions targeting the stigma of mental illness at the workplace: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Hanisch","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Veterinary Workforce Study (2013): modeling capacity utilization","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.b4796","article-title":"Interventions with potential to improve the mental health and wellbeing of UK veterinary surgeons","volume":"166","author":"Bartram","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/254\/8\/javma.254.8.979.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/254\/8\/javma.254.8.979.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/254\/8\/javma.254.8.979.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:34:37Z","timestamp":1696552477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/254\/8\/javma.254.8.979.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.254.8.979","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]}}}