{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T19:08:39Z","timestamp":1761419319682},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CASE DESCRIPTION<\/jats:bold> A 20-year-old female south-central black rhinoceros (<jats:italic>Diceros bicornis minor<\/jats:italic>) was evaluated because of an acute onset of CNS deficits.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CLINICAL FINDINGS<\/jats:bold> The rhinoceros had no history of illness. Clinical signs included acute lethargy, ataxia, and decreased appetite. Hematologic abnormalities included leukocytosis with neutrophilia and a profound left shift. Results of serum biochemical analysis revealed hypophosphatemia but no other abnormalities. Results of a quantitative PCR assay for West Nile virus and an assay for anti\u2013<jats:italic>Neosporum caninum<\/jats:italic> antibodies in serum were negative; the patient was seropositive for multiple <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> serovars.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:bold> Antimicrobials and anti-inflammatory agents were administered, but the condition of the rhinoceros worsened overnight; despite treatment with additional anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents, IV fluids, and thiamine, it became obtunded and died of respiratory arrest \u2264 24 hours later. Necropsy revealed severe, diffuse, suppurative, and histiocytic meningo-encephalomyelitis involving the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Amebic trophozoites were observed on histologic examination of affected tissue. Infection with <jats:italic>Naegleria fowleri<\/jats:italic> was confirmed by results of immuno-histochemical analysis and a multiplex real-time PCR assay.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Findings suggested that south-central black rhinoceros are susceptible to the free-living ameba <jats:italic>N fowleri<\/jats:italic>. Ameba-induced meningoencephalomyelitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for rhinoceros that have an acute onset of neurologic signs. Diagnosis of <jats:italic>N fowleri<\/jats:italic> infection in an animal has a profound public health impact because of potential human exposure from the environment and the high fatality rate in people with <jats:italic>N fowleri<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.255.2.219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T16:20:02Z","timestamp":1561998002000},"page":"219-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Primary amebic meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Naegleria fowleri in a south-central black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"255","author":[{"given":"Taylor J.","family":"Yaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Animal Health, Milwaukee County Zoo, 10001 W Bluemound Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226."},{"name":"2 Department of Surgical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pat","family":"O'Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Department of Animal Health, Pedernales Veterinary Clinic, 3187 US-290, Fredricksburg, TX 78624."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joy M.","family":"Gary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4 Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibne K.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5 Free-Living and Intestinal Amebas Laboratory, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry R.","family":"Cowart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6 Texas Veterinary Pathology LLC, 1007 Wagon Wheel Dr, Spring Branch, TX 78070."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta S.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Animal Health, Milwaukee County Zoo, 10001 W Bluemound Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Scot","family":"Estep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6 Texas Veterinary Pathology LLC, 1007 Wagon Wheel Dr, Spring Branch, TX 78070."},{"name":"1 Department of Animal Health, Milwaukee County Zoo, 10001 W Bluemound Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226."},{"name":"2 Department of Surgical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."},{"name":"3 Department of Animal Health, Pedernales Veterinary Clinic, 3187 US-290, Fredricksburg, TX 78624."},{"name":"4 Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Mod Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800973","article-title":"Histopathologic spectrum and immunohistochemical diagnosis of amebic menin-goencephalitis","volume":"20","author":"Guarner","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00875-06","article-title":"Multiplex realtime PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Acanthamoeba spp, Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Naegleria fowleri","volume":"44","author":"Qvarnstrom","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043018","article-title":"Rabies in Transplant Recipients Investigation Team. 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