{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:27:22Z","timestamp":1790807242782,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To identify factors associated with keratopathy in captive pinnipeds and to provide guidance for preventive measures.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 319 captive pinnipeds (229 otariids [sea lions and fur seals], 74 phocids [true seals], and 16 odobenids [walrus]) from 25 facilities.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Descriptive data collected from questionnaires completed by facilities and from medical records and physical examinations of pinnipeds were compiled and evaluated. Variables were assessed with \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> tests of homogeneity to determine potential association with keratopathy, and variables with values of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.25 were inserted into the multivariable logistic regression model.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Results indicated that variables associated with significantly increased odds of keratopathy in captive pinnipeds included lighter or reflective pool color (OR, 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20 to 3.97), pool water salinity &lt; 29 g\/L (OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.89 to 6.56), and history of eye disease (OR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.85 to 5.98), trauma (OR, 3.80; 95% CI, 1.72 to 8.89), and having been tested for leptospirosis (OR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.54 to 10.26). However, odds of keratopathy decreased with UV index \u2264 6 (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.72) and age &lt; 20 years (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.66).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Findings indicated that odds of keratopathy in pinnipeds could be reduced by maintenance of pool water salinity \u2265 29 g\/L and reduction of UV radiation exposure (eg, with adequate shade structures and use of darker, natural colors). Because UV radiation exposure is cumulative, even small attempts to reduce lifetime exposure to it could help control keratopathy in pinnipeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.255.2.224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T16:20:02Z","timestamp":1561998002000},"page":"224-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Factors associated with keratopathy in captive pinnipeds"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"255","author":[{"given":"Carmen M. H.","family":"Colitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 All Animal Eye Care Inc and Jupiter Pet Emergency and Specialty Center, 505 Commerce Way, Jupiter, FL 33458."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J. A.","family":"Saville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Aquatic Animal Health Program, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ed","family":"Latson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4 Central Park Aquatic Health, 2715 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214."},{"name":"1 All Animal Eye Care Inc and Jupiter Pet Emergency and Specialty Center, 505 Commerce Way, Jupiter, FL 33458."},{"name":"2 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210."},{"name":"3 Aquatic Animal Health Program, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610."},{"name":"4 Central Park Aquatic Health, 2715 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Adler's physiology of the eye","first-page":"71","article-title":"Cornea and sclera","author":"Dawson","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701369","article-title":"The environment and the eye","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Physiol Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"UV rays, the prooxidant\/antioxidant imbalance in the cornea and oxidative eye damage","volume":"53","author":"Cejkov\u00e1","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Acta Ophthalmol 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