{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T17:59:38Z","timestamp":1763747978759},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>CASE DESCRIPTION<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A 5-year-old spayed female Maltese mixed-breed dog was referred for evaluation because of severe urinary incontinence refractory to medical management.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Physical examination revealed constant dribbling of urine and urine scalding. Culture of a urine sample yielded methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>. Abdominal ultrasonographic examination revealed absence of the left kidney, a small, nondistended urinary bladder, and diffuse hepatopathy. Urinary incontinence persisted despite appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Cystourethroscopy and vaginoscopy were subsequently performed and revealed a hypoplastic bladder and a vesicovaginal fistula with urinary leakage through the vaginal diverticulum; no left ureterovesicular junction was identified, consistent with suspected left renal aplasia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Exploratory laparotomy was performed, and the cranial aspect of the vagina was circumferentially ligated immediately caudal to the fistula. The urinary incontinence resolved immediately after surgery, and lower urinary tract signs improved over the next 2 weeks. Moderate urinary incontinence recurred approximately 6 months later, and a urinary tract infection with <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> was subsequently identified and treated; clinical signs resolved \u2264 48 hours after treatment was initiated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To the author's knowledge, vesicovaginal fistulas in dogs have not been previously described and should be considered a differential diagnosis for persistent urinary incontinence and recurrent urinary tract infections in female dogs. Vaginoscopy in addition to cystourethroscopy was required to identify the abnormality in this patient. Because multiple concurrent anomalies can be present, both procedures should be performed in female dogs with these clinical signs, even if an abnormality is identified cystoscopically.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.255.4.466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T14:07:26Z","timestamp":1564409246000},"page":"466-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vesicovaginal fistula in a dog with urinary incontinence"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"255","author":[{"given":"Emily K.","family":"Shea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Interventional Radiology and Interventional Endoscopy Service, The Animal Medical Center, 510 E 62nd St, New York, NY 10065."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allyson C.","family":"Berent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Interventional Radiology and Interventional Endoscopy Service, The Animal Medical Center, 510 E 62nd St, New York, NY 10065."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chick W.","family":"Weisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Interventional Radiology and Interventional Endoscopy Service, The Animal Medical Center, 510 E 62nd St, New York, NY 10065."},{"name":"1Interventional Radiology and Interventional Endoscopy Service, The Animal Medical Center, 510 E 62nd St, New York, NY 10065."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.01040.x","article-title":"Use of a percutaneously controlled urethral hydraulic occluder for treatment of refractory urinary incontinence in 18 female dogs","volume":"42","author":"Currao","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"509","article-title":"Effects of urinary bladder distension on the length of the dog and cat urethra","volume":"46","author":"Johnston","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Theriogenology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.10.027","article-title":"Vestibular, vaginal and urethral relationships in spayed and intact normal dogs","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"347","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in dogs and cats","volume":"127","author":"Holt","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E30","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12311","article-title":"Imaging diagnosis\u2013urethrovaginal fistula caused by a migrating grass awn in the vagina","volume":"57","author":"Agut","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"1195","article-title":"An unusual case of urinary incontinence in an intersex West Highland White Terrier","volume":"53","author":"Connery","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1983.tb00390.x","article-title":"Disorders of urination associated with canine intersexuality","volume":"24","author":"Holt","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1997.tb02982.x","article-title":"Surgical treatment of urinary incontinence resulting from a complex congenital abnormality in two dogs","volume":"38","author":"Gregory","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Urinary incontinence due to multiple urogenital anomalies in a mature dog","volume":"164","author":"Schwartz","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"191","article-title":"Abnormal micturition and recurrent cystitis associated with multiple congenital anomalies of the urinary tract in a dog","volume":"207","author":"Tobias","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.249.6.599","article-title":"What Is Your Diagnosis?","volume":"249","author":"Bula","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"999","article-title":"Congenital urethrorectal fistula in two dogs","volume":"166","author":"Osborne","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Curr Urol Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-017-0708-5","article-title":"State of the art for treatment of vesicovaginal fistula","volume":"18","author":"Moses","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vesicovaginal fistula","author":"Spurlock","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.01.023","article-title":"Congenital vesicovaginal fistula with or without menouria: a literature review","volume":"175","author":"Mart\u00ednez Escoriza","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Curr Womens Health Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2174\/1573404810703040248","article-title":"Malformations of the female genital tract and embryological bases","volume":"3","author":"Aci\u00e9n","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.05.004","article-title":"Complications of ovariohysterectomy in companion animals","volume":"41","author":"Adin","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Turk J Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"45","article-title":"Management of vesicovaginal fistulas after gynecologic surgery","volume":"14","author":"Tatar","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.02.004","article-title":"Congenital diseases of the lower urinary tract","volume":"45","author":"Bartges","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"160","article-title":"Micturition disorders and urinary incontinence","author":"Labato","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/255\/4\/javma.255.4.466.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/255\/4\/javma.255.4.466.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/255\/4\/javma.255.4.466.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:38:06Z","timestamp":1696552686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/255\/4\/javma.255.4.466.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.255.4.466","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]]}}}