{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:22:44Z","timestamp":1790792564887,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To characterize lung ultrasonography (LUS) findings in dogs with a primary clinical complaint of cough.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>100 client-owned coughing dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A standardized LUS examination was performed for all dogs to quantify the number of B lines and identify subpleural abnormalities at 4 sites on each hemithorax. The final clinical diagnosis (reference standard) was determined by medical record review, and sensitivity and specificity of LUS for the diagnosis of selected causes of cough was determined.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Common underlying causes of cough included dynamic airway collapse (n = 37), cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE; 12), and bronchitis (10). Compared with dogs with other causes of cough, dogs with bacterial pneumonia (n = 7) were more likely to have subpleural shred signs, whereas dogs with pulmonary neoplasia (4) were more likely to have subpleural nodule signs. Dogs with CPE had higher total B-line scores and higher numbers of LUS sites strongly positive for B lines (&gt; 3 B lines\/site) than other dogs. The LUS criteria of total B-line score \u2265 10 and presence of \u2265 2 sites strongly positive for B lines were each 92% sensitive and 94% specific for CPE diagnosis. Notably, 18% (16\/88) of dogs with noncardiac causes of cough had been treated previously with diuretics because of prior CPE misdiagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>LUS profiles in dogs with cough differed by the underlying cause. In dogs with a clinical history of cough, this imaging modality could be diagnostically useful, particularly to help exclude the possibility of underlying CPE.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.255.5.574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T14:10:17Z","timestamp":1566310217000},"page":"574-583","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Lung ultrasonography findings in dogs with various underlying causes of cough"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"255","author":[{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory R.","family":"Lisciandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Hill Country Veterinary Specialists, Spicewood, TX 78669."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy A.","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina G.","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin K.","family":"Viall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa C.","family":"DeFrancesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Chest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1_suppl.33S","article-title":"Anatomy and neurophysiology of the cough reflex","volume":"129","author":"Canning","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"107","article-title":"Coughing","author":"Ferasin","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Cardiovascular diseases in small animal medicine","first-page":"101","article-title":"Cough","author":"Ware","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Textbook of canine and feline cardiology","first-page":"41","article-title":"The history","author":"Fox","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Cough","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-9974-1-2","article-title":"An overview of the sensory receptors regulating cough","volume":"1","author":"Mazzone","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Respir Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(00)00201-2","article-title":"Airway receptors","volume":"125","author":"Widdicombe","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12039","article-title":"Risk factors for coughing in dogs with naturally acquired myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"27","author":"Ferasin","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.9","article-title":"Use of the vertebral heart score in coughing dogs with chronic degenerative mitral valve disease","volume":"71","author":"Guglielmini","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00887.x","article-title":"Bronchomalacia in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00542.x","article-title":"Potential risks, prognostic indicators, and diagnostic and treatment modalities affecting survival in dogs with presumptive aspiration pneumonia: 125 cases (2005\u20132008)","volume":"20","author":"Tart","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0392.x","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of canine chronic valvular heart disease","volume":"23","author":"Atkins","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03697.x","article-title":"Assessment of the accuracy of thoracic radiography in the diagnosis of canine chronic bronchitis","volume":"39","author":"Mantis","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13612","article-title":"Agreement among radiographs, fluoroscopy and bronchoscopy in documentation of airway collapse in dogs","volume":"29","author":"Johnson","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.9.1088","article-title":"Comparison of three-view thoracic radiography and computed tomography for detection of pulmonary nodules in dogs with neoplasia","volume":"240","author":"Armbrust","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.5.96-07096","article-title":"The comet-tail artifact: an ultrasound sign of alveolar-interstitial syndrome","volume":"156","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2513-4","article-title":"International evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound","volume":"38","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Radiographics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160175","article-title":"Clinical significance of US artifacts","volume":"37","author":"Baad","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Acad Emerg Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12435","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema in patients presenting with acute dyspnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Al Deeb","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12074","article-title":"Assessment of circulating N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide concentration to differentiate between cardiac from noncardiac causes of pleural effusion in cats","volume":"23","author":"Hassdenteufel","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12122","article-title":"Frequency and number of ultrasound lung rockets (B-lines) using a regionally based lung ultrasound examination named Vet BLUE (veterinary bedside lung ultrasound exam) in dogs with radiographically normal lung findings","volume":"55","author":"Lisciandro","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.250.6.666","article-title":"Accuracy of point-of-care lung ultrasonography for the diagnosis of cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs and cats with acute dyspnea","volume":"250","author":"Ward","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound","first-page":"59","article-title":"Lung ultrasound interpretation","author":"Lee","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2833","article-title":"Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children: a meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Pereda","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Respir Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-15-50","article-title":"Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Chavez","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Focused ultrasound techniques for the small animal practitioner","first-page":"166","article-title":"The Vet BLUE lung scan","author":"Lisciandro","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01051.x","article-title":"Left atrial to aortic root indices using two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with and without left atrial enlargement","volume":"43","author":"Hansson","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Cardiovasc Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7120-9-6","article-title":"Lung ultrasound: a new tool for the cardiologist","volume":"9","author":"Gargani","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.10.51","article-title":"Should lung ultrasonography be more widely used in the assessment of acute respiratory disease?","volume":"4","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12151","article-title":"Transthoracic lung ultrasound in normal dogs and dogs with cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a pilot study","volume":"55","author":"Rademacher","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14692","article-title":"Assessment of lung ultrasound B-lines in dogs with different stages of chronic valvular heart disease","volume":"31","author":"Vezzosi","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Chest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.5.1690","article-title":"Ultrasound comet-tail images: a marker of pulmonary edema","volume":"127","author":"Agricola","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.3.367","article-title":"Radiographic abnormalities in cats with feline bronchial disease and intra- and interobserver variability in radiographic interpretation: 40 cases (1999\u20132006)","volume":"234","author":"Gadbois","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Chest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1531","article-title":"Thoracic ultrasound for diagnosing pulmonary embolism: a prospective multicenter study of 352 patients","volume":"128","author":"Mathis","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Intern Emerg Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-016-1510-y","article-title":"Lung ultrasound for monitoring cardiogenic pulmonary edema","volume":"12","author":"Cortellaro","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0592.x","article-title":"Detection of congestive heart failure in dogs by Doppler echocardiography","volume":"24","author":"Schober","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02604.x","article-title":"Echocardiographic estimation of mean left atrial pressure in a canine model of acute mitral valve insufficiency","volume":"18","author":"Oyama","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/255\/5\/javma.255.5.574.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/255\/5\/javma.255.5.574.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/255\/5\/javma.255.5.574.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:39:22Z","timestamp":1696552762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/255\/5\/javma.255.5.574.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.255.5.574","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]}}}