{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T05:17:05Z","timestamp":1786598225443,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine whether dogs have a meningovertebral ligament (MVL) and to assess the effect that structure may have on pathological lesions within the ventral epidural space.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>SAMPLE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cadaveric specimens from 6 neurologically normal dogs and 2 dogs with vertebral neoplasms that extended into the epidural space and MRI sequences and cytologic preparations from 2 dogs with compressive hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion that underwent decompressive surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The vertebral column was removed for gross and histologic examination from the cadavers of neurologically normal dogs and dogs with vertebral neoplasms. For dogs with hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion, MRI sequences to assess lesion location and topography and cytologic preparations of material surgically extirpated from the ventral epidural space were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All dogs had an MVL, which formed the ventral boundary of the epidural space and consisted of fibrous bands that attached the external ventral surface of the dura mater of the spinal cord to the dorsal surface of the vertebral bodies throughout the length of the vertebral canal. Both vertebral neoplasms had a bilobed appearance as did the extruded nucleus pulposus lesions on MRI sequences.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results of the present study indicated that dogs have an MVL, which creates an anatomic barrier within the ventral epidural space and causes pathological lesions to adopt a bilobed shape regardless of the pathogenic process. Further anatomic studies of the MVL and vertebral canal of dogs are necessary to elucidate how those structures affect lesion progression within the ventral epidural space.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.255.6.687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T15:12:13Z","timestamp":1567523533000},"page":"687-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Anatomic description and clinical relevance of the meningovertebral ligament in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"255","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Kent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric N.","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, 197 Hance Ave, Tinton Falls, NJ 07724."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel B.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, 197 Hance Ave, Tinton Falls, NJ 07724."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, 197 Hance Ave, Tinton Falls, NJ 07724."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"de Lahunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Miller's anatomy of the dog","first-page":"589","article-title":"Spinal cord and meninges","author":"Fletcher","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1759","article-title":"Anatomical studies on the spinal cord segments of the dog","volume":"27","author":"Fletcher","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.05.034","article-title":"Foraminal and paraspinal extraforaminal attachments of the sixth and seventh lumbar spinal nerves in large breed dogs","volume":"197","author":"Breit","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Man Ther","first-page":"88","article-title":"Anterior sacrodural attachments\u2014Trolard's ligaments revisited","volume":"1","author":"Barbaix","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"ISRN Anat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424058","DOI":"10.1159\/000147816","article-title":"The posterior epidural ligaments: a cadaveric and histological investigation in the lumbar region","volume":"2013","author":"Connor","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1159\/000147816","article-title":"Polygonal deformation of the dural sac in lumbar epidural lipomatosis: anatomic explanation by the presence of meningovertebral ligaments","volume":"24","author":"Geers","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Clin Anat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20200","article-title":"The posterior longitudinal ligament and peridural (epidural) membrane","volume":"19","author":"Loughenbury","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Acta Anat (Basel)","first-page":"274","article-title":"The lumbar anterior epidural cavity: the posterior longitudinal ligament, the anterior ligaments of the dura mater and the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus","volume":"155","author":"Plaisant","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Acta Orthop Belg","first-page":"436","article-title":"The meningovertebral ligaments as a barrier to the side-to-side migration of extruded lumbar disc herniations","volume":"58","author":"Scapinelli","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000115129.59484.24","article-title":"The anterior dural (Hofmann) ligaments.","volume":"29","author":"Wadhwani","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.175.3.2343133","article-title":"Relationship of the dura, Hofmann's ligaments, Batson's plexus, and a fibrovascular membrane lying on the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies and attaching to the deep layer of the posterior longitudinal ligament. 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