{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T14:27:27Z","timestamp":1770042447645,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>CASE DESCRIPTION<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An 8-year-old spayed female Dalmatian was evaluated because of recurrent urinary tract infections following ureteral stent placement 3 years earlier.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Polyuria, pollakiuria, and hematuria were reported by the owner. Abdominal radiography revealed well-defined, faintly mineralized material superimposed over the distal portion of the previously placed ureteral stent. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed thickening of the bladder wall, right hydroureter, and right pyelectasia; the ureteral stent appeared to extend into a region containing cystic calculi. Cystoscopy revealed small uroliths and mineralized encrustation of the distal portion of the ureteral stent.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser was used to fragment mineralized material from the distal end of the stent and allow endoscopic transurethral removal. Stone analysis revealed ammonium urate as the major component of the mineralized material. The owner was instructed to feed the dog a diet formulated to decrease the likelihood of urate stone recurrence and to administer marbofloxacin for 6 weeks because of suspected pyelonephritis. Follow-up bacterial culture of a urine sample and abdominal ultrasonography revealed resolution of urinary tract infection, pyelectasia, hydroureter, and associated clinical signs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results suggested that endoscopic-guided laser lithotripsy can be used as a minimally invasive alternative to surgery for removal of severely encrusted ureteral stents in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.255.6.706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T15:12:13Z","timestamp":1567523533000},"page":"706-709","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Endoscopic-guided laser lithotripsy for removal of an encrusted ureteral stent in a dog"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"255","author":[{"given":"Bradley A.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander E.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Veterinary image-guided interventions","first-page":"360","article-title":"Minimally invasive treatment of bladder and urethral stones in dogs and cats","author":"Berent","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38146-6","article-title":"Polyurethane internal ureteral stents in treatment of stone patients: morbidity related to indwelling times","volume":"146","author":"el-Faqih","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Urology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(03)00506-5","article-title":"Management of encrusted ureteral stents impacted in upper tract","volume":"62","author":"Bultitude","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Endourol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2011.0385","article-title":"Ureteral stent encrustation, incrustation, and coloring: morbidity related to indwelling times","volume":"26","author":"Kawahara","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S1607-551X(09)70551-0","article-title":"Use of a holmium laser to treat a forgotten double-J stent with whole stent encrustations: a case report","volume":"25","author":"Tsai","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Urol Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1159\/000282959","article-title":"Double-J ureteric stent encrustations: clinical study on crystal formation on polyurethane stents","volume":"58","author":"Robert","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Br J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1987.tb05029.x","article-title":"Urothelial reaction to ureteric intubation. 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