{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:53:14Z","timestamp":1785577994153,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>CASE DESCRIPTION<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An 11-month-old sexually intact male red kangaroo (<jats:italic>Macropus rufus<\/jats:italic>) was examined because of bilateral radial and ulnar fractures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Radiography of the forelimbs revealed bilateral, short oblique fractures in the proximal to mid diaphyses of the radii and ulnae. Fractures were overriding and moderately displaced. Wider than expected gaps were evident in the humeroulnar and humeroradial joints bilaterally. Although several physes remained open, no proximal radial physis was radiographically evident.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dual bone fixation was performed bilaterally, and dynamic luxation of the left radial head was identified and stabilized intraoperatively. Although satisfactory function of both forelimbs was evident at 8 weeks and 26 months after surgery, a persistent gait abnormality affecting the right forelimb was noted. Twenty-six months after surgery, radiography revealed bilateral proximal radial physes and resolution of the abnormally wide gaps in the humeroradial and humeroulnar joints. Despite dual bone fixation, synostoses formed bilaterally and may have contributed to the persistent lameness in the kangaroo's right forelimb.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Veterinarians treating kangaroos should be aware of difficulties in determining skeletal maturity and planning fracture stabilization because of potential differences in skeletal growth and fracture healing, compared with other species. We described critical issues observed in the treatment and outcome of the kangaroo of the present report and provided lessons learned as well as potential explanations of these issues to facilitate future treatment of kangaroos with forelimb fractures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.255.8.942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T19:16:43Z","timestamp":1569957403000},"page":"942-948","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bilateral radial and ulnar fractures in a red kangaroo (Macropus rufus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"255","author":[{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Ballor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista M.","family":"Gazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Oakland Veterinary Referral Services, 1400 S Telegraph Rd, Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658040-00004","article-title":"Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses","volume":"58","author":"Gustilo","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/246313a0","article-title":"Energetic cost of locomotion in kangaroos","volume":"246","author":"Dawson","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Z Anat Entw Ges","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00519379","article-title":"Morphologishce und biomechanische Grundlagen einer funktionellen Analyse der Muskeln der Hinterextremitat (Untersuchung an quadrupeden Affen und Kanguruhs)","volume":"138","author":"Bauschulte","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Biol J Linn Soc Lond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12090","article-title":"Sexual selection on forelimb muscles of western grey kangaroos (Skippy was clearly a female)","volume":"109","author":"Warburton","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Zool","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12264","article-title":"Strong arm tactics: sexual dimorphism in macropodid limb proportions","volume":"297","author":"Richards","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin","first-page":"631","article-title":"Fracture repair in a red kangaroo","volume":"72","author":"Boever","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0101.1","article-title":"Surgical correction of cervical spinal fractures in a Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus)","volume":"47","author":"Kragness","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Fowler's zoo and wild animal medicine","first-page":"255","article-title":"Marsupialia","author":"Vogelnest","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Trichosurus vulpecula. 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