{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:11:55Z","timestamp":1791598315880,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To investigate the usefulness of radiographic measures of the left atrium and ventricle as surrogates for echocardiographic criteria in identifying dogs with stage B2 preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>56 client-owned dogs with preclinical mitral regurgitation attributed to MMVD examined between April 19, 2016, and November 22, 2017.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Medical records were retrospectively searched, and data collected included age, body weight, heart murmur grade, and echocardiographic and radiographic measurements. Dogs were grouped according to whether they did (case dogs) or did not (control dogs) meet echocardiographic criteria used to identify dogs with stage B2 MMVD. Measurements for lateral thoracic radiographic variables normalized to vertebral body units (VBUs) were obtained, and results were analyzed to identify variables that could best discriminate between case and control dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Three radiographic variables of left atrial size (vertebral left atrial size [VLAS], left atrial width, and the combined variable of VLAS + left atrial width) most accurately distinguished control dogs from case dogs, and the VLAS was the simplest and fastest to perform in a clinical setting. The optimal cutoff for VLAS was 2.5 VBUs (sensitivity, 70%; specificity, 84%; and likelihood ratio, 4.38), with VLAS \u2265 2.5 VBUs for case dogs. The maximum specificity cutoff for VLAS was 3.0 VBUs (sensitivity, 40%; specificity, 96%; and likelihood ratio, 10.0), with VLAS \u2265 3.0 VBUs for case dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results indicated that when echocardiography is unavailable, radiographic VLAS \u2265 3 VBUs could be used with minimal risk of false-positive diagnosis of stage B2 MMVD in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.10.1129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T13:35:48Z","timestamp":1588599348000},"page":"1129-1136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Use of radiographic measurements to diagnose stage B2 preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"256","author":[{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Stepien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariola B.","family":"Rak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Blume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Vet Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.01.011","article-title":"Historical review, epidemiology and natural history of degenerative mitral valve disease","volume":"14","author":"Borgarelli","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14586","article-title":"Effect of pimobendan in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease and cardiomegaly: the EPIC Study\u2014a randomized clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Boswood","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0392.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of canine chronic valvular heart disease","volume":"23","author":"Atkins","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.23.707","article-title":"Use of breed-specific ranges for the vertebral heart scale as an aid to the radiographic diagnosis of cardiac disease in dogs","volume":"148","author":"Lamb","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Adv Anim Cardiol (Jpn)","first-page":"55","article-title":"Relationships between vertebral heart size (VHS) and echocardiographic parameters in dogs with mitral regurgitation","volume":"39","author":"Saida","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02551.x","article-title":"Allometric scaling of M-mode cardiac measurements in normal adult dogs","volume":"18","author":"Cornell","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"194","article-title":"Vertebral scale system to measure canine heart size in radiographs","volume":"206","author":"Buchanan","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.8.1038","article-title":"Diagnostic value of vertebral left atrial size as determined from thoracic radiographs for assessment of left atrial size in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"253","author":"Malcolm","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12131","article-title":"Radiographic and echocardiographic assessment of left atrial size in 100 cats with acute left-sided congestive heart failure","volume":"55","author":"Schober","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01051.x","article-title":"Left atrial to aortic root indices using two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with and without left atrial enlargement","volume":"43","author":"Hansson","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)","first-page":"297","article-title":"On determining the most appropriate test cut-off value: the case of tests with continuous results","volume":"26","author":"Habibzadeh","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15488","article-title":"ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Keene","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2008.00406.x","article-title":"Effect of left vs. right recumbency on the vertebral heart score in normal dogs","volume":"49","author":"Greco","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00073.x","article-title":"Vertebral heart size ranges specific for whippets","volume":"46","author":"Bavegems","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet World","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.371-376","article-title":"Vertebral scale system to measure heart size in thoracic radiographs of Indian Spitz, Labrador Retriever and mongrel dogs","volume":"9","author":"Bodh","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00024.x","article-title":"Interobserver variability of vertebral heart size measurements in dogs with normal and enlarged hearts","volume":"46","author":"Hansson","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02314.x","article-title":"Correlation of cardiac enlargement as assessed by vertebral heart size and echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings in dogs with evolving cardiomegaly due to rapid ventricular pacing","volume":"15","author":"Nakayama","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2012.01976.x","article-title":"Vertebral heart scores in eight dog breeds","volume":"54","author":"K","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/256\/10\/javma.256.10.1129.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/256\/10\/javma.256.10.1129.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/256\/10\/javma.256.10.1129.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:40:13Z","timestamp":1696552813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/256\/10\/javma.256.10.1129.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.256.10.1129","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]}}}