{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T17:59:52Z","timestamp":1732039192381},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nCASE DESCRIPTION<\/jats:title>\nA 13-year-old female white-crowned pionus (Pionus senilis<\/jats:italic>) was examined because of seizures 22 months after it was treated for a traumatic brain injury (TBI) characterized by vision loss, hemiparesis, nystagmus, circling, and head tilt.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCLINICAL FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\nBloodwork performed during the initial seizure workup revealed hypercalcemia and hypercholesterolemia, which were attributed to vitellogenesis given the bird's previous egg-laying history and recent onset of reproductive behavior. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed diffuse right pallium atrophy with multifocal hydrocephalus ex vacuo, which were believed to be the result of the previous TBI. Findings were most consistent with post-traumatic seizures (PTS).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nTREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:title>\nLevetiracetam (100 mg\/kg [45 mg\/lb], PO, q 12 h) was initiated for PTS management. A 4.7-mg deslorelin implant was injected SC to suppress reproductive behavior. The bird was reexamined for presumed status epilepticus 5 times over 22 months. Seizure episodes coincided with onset of reproductive behavior. The levetiracetam dosage was increased (150 mg\/kg [68 mg\/lb], PO, q 8 h), and zonisamide (20 mg\/kg [9.1 mg\/lb], PO, q 12 h) was added to the treatment regimen. Additional deslorelin implants were administered every 2 to 6 months to suppress reproductive behavior. The owner was trained to administer midazolam intranasally or IM as needed at home. The treatment regimen helped control but did not eliminate seizure activity. The bird was euthanized 22 months after PTS diagnosis for reasons unrelated to the TBI or PTS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\nLong-term management of PTS in a pionus was achieved with levetiracetam and zonisamide administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.10.1145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T13:35:48Z","timestamp":1588599348000},"page":"1145-1152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diagnosis and long-term management of post-traumatic seizures in a white-crowned pionus (Pionus senilis)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"256","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Kabakchiev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Laniesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"zur Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Brouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugues","family":"Beaufr\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Current therapy in avian medicine and surgery","first-page":"825","article-title":"Appendices 2 and 3: normal clinical pathologic data and normal biological data","author":"Speer","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.8.1067","article-title":"Development of a technique for quantification of reticulocytes and assessment of erythrocyte regenerative capacity in birds","volume":"69","author":"Johns","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Form and function in birds","first-page":"235","article-title":"Cardiovascular system","author":"West","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Veterinary hematology and clinical chemistry","first-page":"582","article-title":"Clinical chemistry of birds","author":"Campbell","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"35","article-title":"The ventricular system of the pigeon brain: a scanning electron microscope study","volume":"184","author":"Mestres","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Eur J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0720-048X(93)90038-O","article-title":"Cystic lesions of the brain. 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