{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:50:35Z","timestamp":1788691835258,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe rabies and rabies-related events occurring during 2018 in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n                    <jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All animals submitted for laboratory diagnosis of rabies in the United States during 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n                    <jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>State and territorial public health departments provided data on animals submitted for rabies testing in 2018. Data were analyzed temporally and geographically to assess trends in domestic animal and wildlife rabies cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During 2018, 54 jurisdictions reported 4,951 rabid animals to the CDC, representing an 11.2% increase from the 4,454 rabid animals reported in 2017. Texas (n = 695 [14.0%]), Virginia (382 [7.7%]), Pennsylvania (356 [7.2%]), North Carolina (332 [6.7%]), Colorado (328 [6.6%]), and New York (320 [6.5%]) together accounted for almost half of all rabid animals reported in 2018. Of the total reported rabies cases, 4,589 (92.7%) involved wildlife, with bats (n = 1,635 [33.0%]), raccoons (1,499 [30.3%]), skunks (1,004 [20.3%]), and foxes (357 [7.2%]) being the major species. Rabid cats (n = 241 [4.9%]) and dogs (63 [1.3%]) accounted for &gt; 80% of rabid domestic animals reported in 2018. There was a 4.6% increase in the number of samples submitted for testing in 2018, compared with the number submitted in 2017. Three human rabies deaths were reported in 2018, compared with 2 in 2017.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall number of animal rabies cases increased from 2017 to 2018. Laboratory diagnosis of rabies in animals is critical to ensure that human rabies postexposure prophylaxis is administered judiciously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.2.195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T14:17:52Z","timestamp":1578406672000},"page":"195-208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Public Veterinary Medicine: Public Health: Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2018"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"256","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyue","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben P.","family":"Monroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie M.","family":"Cleaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333."},{"name":"2Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian A.","family":"Orciari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal M.","family":"Gigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordona D.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA, 59 Chenell Dr, Ste 7, Concord, NH 03301."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA, 59 Chenell Dr, Ste 7, Concord, NH 03301."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Fehlner-Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Center of Expertise for Rabies, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Rd, Nepean, ON K2J 4S1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez Cedillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud de Mexico, Avenida Benjam\u00edn Franklin 132, Escand\u00f3n II Secc, 11800 Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett W.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003709","article-title":"Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies","volume":"9","author":"Hampson","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"WHO expert consultation on rabies: second report","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107539","article-title":"Right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross-species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Wallace","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188836","article-title":"Host phylogeny constrains cross-species emergence and establishment of rabies virus in bats","volume":"329","author":"Streicker","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Virus Genes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-013-0952-9","article-title":"A reassessment of the evolutionary timescale of bat rabies viruses based upon glycoprotein gene sequences","volume":"47","author":"Kuzmina","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6823e1","article-title":"Vital signs: trends in human rabies deaths and exposures\u2014United States, 1938\u20132018","volume":"68","author":"Pieracci","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Non-flavivirus encephalitis","first-page":"247","article-title":"Human rabies epidemiology and diagnosis","author":"Petersen","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"713","article-title":"Imported human rabies\u2014California, 2008","volume":"58","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices","volume":"59","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"505","article-title":"Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2016 (Erratum published in J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016;248:771)","volume":"248","author":"Brown","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human rabies prevention\u2014United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices","volume":"57","author":"Manning","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.2.508","article-title":"Extended incubation period of rabies virus in a captive big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus)","volume":"48","author":"Davis","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000549","article-title":"Oral rabies vaccination in North America: opportunities, complexities, and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Slate","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.785","article-title":"Evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995\u20132003","volume":"227","author":"Sidwa","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"2017 nationally notifiable conditions","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Protocol for postmortem diagnosis of rabies in animals by direct fluorescent antibody testing: a minimum standard for rabies diagnosis in the United States","author":"Ronald","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"310","article-title":"Evaluation of a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Lembo","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.6.676","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2008","volume":"235","author":"Blanton","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"CSTE list of nationally notifiable conditions","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Rabies cases in Canada\u20142017","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1695","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1993","volume":"205","author":"Krebs","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1111","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2013 (Erratum published in J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014;245:1358)","volume":"245","author":"Dyer","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"National Rabies Management Program: FY2018 ORV distribution summary","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010560","article-title":"Human infection due to recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus","volume":"345","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"1204","article-title":"Human vaccinia infection after contact with a raccoon rabies vaccine bait\u2014Pennsylvania, 2009","volume":"58","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v44i05a05","article-title":"Raccoon rabies outbreak in Hamilton, Ontario: a progress report","volume":"44","author":"Lobo","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Vaccine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.028","article-title":"Epidemiology of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis United States of America, 2006\u20132008","volume":"27","author":"Christian","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"J Appl Ecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13477","article-title":"Not all surveillance data are created equal\u2014a multi-method dynamic occupancy approach to determine rabies elimination from wildlife","volume":"56","author":"Davis","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Human rabies prevention\u2014United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices","author":"Manning","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/256\/2\/javma.256.2.195.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/256\/2\/javma.256.2.195.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/256\/2\/javma.256.2.195.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T20:53:35Z","timestamp":1696539215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/256\/2\/javma.256.2.195.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.256.2.195","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.738727725.793578878","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]}}}