{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:25:53Z","timestamp":1791440753438,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine incidences and underlying causes of fatal intestinal inflammatory lesions (FIILs) and demographic characteristics of affected equids necropsied at any of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory facilities between January 1, 1990, and April 16, 2013.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>710 equids with FIILs, including colitis, duodenitis, enteritis, enterocolitis, enteropathy, enterotyphlitis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, ileitis, jejunitis, typhlitis, or typhlocolitis, alone or in combination.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The medical records were reviewed, and data collected included animal age, sex, geographic origin, necropsy submission date, and breed, purpose, or characteristic of use. Descriptive statistics were compiled and reported as numbers and percentages.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Colitis (323\/710 [45.5%]), enteritis (146\/710 [20.6%]), and typhlocolitis (138\/710 [19.4%]) were the most common FIILs, and the underlying cause of most FIILs was categorized as either undetermined (465\/710 [65.5%]) or bacterial (167\/710 [23.5%]). The most common bacteria responsible for FIILs were <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> spp and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results indicated that the underlying cause for most FIILs could not be identified; however, when it was identified, it was most commonly bacterial and typically <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> spp or <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp, which could be useful information for practitioners when evaluating and managing horses and other equids with intestinal distress. In addition, results underscored the need for improved diagnostic procedures and strategies to determine underlying causes of FIILs in equids. Knowledge of the most common FIILs and their underlying causes may help in diagnosing and mitigating intestinal disease in equids.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.4.455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T18:53:17Z","timestamp":1580410397000},"page":"455-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Fatal intestinal inflammatory lesions in equids in California: 710 cases (1990\u20132013)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"256","author":[{"given":"Melissa","family":"Mac\u00edas-Rioseco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Master of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley E.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30236-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of colic","volume":"13","author":"Cohen","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06005","article-title":"Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"448","author":"Xavier","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med 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