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Veterinarian posture and repetitive movements and the work environment were assessed and quantified during review of the video recordings. Descriptive data were generated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nRESULTS<\/jats:title>\nOf the 14 appointments observed, 9 and 5 involved examination of beef and dairy cows, respectively. For all veterinarians, an arm inclination \u2265 60\u00b0 was observed during most reproductive examinations. The number of examinations performed per hour ranged from 19.1 to 116.8. The estimated entry force ranged from 121 to 349 N. During all 9 appointments involving beef cows, the veterinarian participated in other tasks (eg, operating overhead levers, opening gates, or assisting with cattle handling) that represented ergonomic hazards.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\nResults confirmed that reproductive examination of cattle exposes veterinarians to various ergonomic hazards involving awkward positions and repetitive and forceful exertions that can contribute to musculoskeletal discomfort and injury, particularly of the upper extremities (neck, shoulders, upper back, arms, elbows, wrists, and hands). Veterinarians frequently participated in other tasks during reproductive examination appointments that exposed them to additional ergonomic hazards. Risk mitigation strategies should prioritize minimizing exposure of veterinarians to tasks not directly associated with the reproductive examination procedure to decrease their overall ergonomic hazard burden.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.258.11.1243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T14:48:22Z","timestamp":1620830902000},"page":"1243-1253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ergonomic assessment of veterinarians during performance of bovine reproductive examinations"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"258","author":[{"given":"Robyn M.","family":"Reist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4 Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenna L.","family":"Bath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4 Canada."},{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4 Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murray D.","family":"Jelinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4 Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan E. 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