{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T18:24:06Z","timestamp":1787336646221,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To summarize owner-reported recurrence of clinical signs consistent with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation in dogs treated by intradiskal injection of chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) and to compare recurrence rate versus routine surgical management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This pragmatic retrospective, time-matched cohort comparison study included 2 groups of dogs that recovered independent locomotion (&gt; 50 unsupported steps) following treatment between October 2022 and March 2025 for acute nonambulatory paraparesis or paraplegia, assumed or proven to be caused by intervertebral disk herniation, with (1) 1.25-U ChABC injections into 4 consecutive intervertebral disks targeted on the basis of neurologic examination or (2) routine decompressive surgery following cross-sectional imaging. Recurrent clinical signs were reported retrospectively to investigators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study population consisted of 47 ChABC-treated dogs and 79 surgical cases with similar demographics. Fenestration number in the surgery group was variable (7 dogs had 0 fenestrations, 32 dogs had 1, 17 dogs had 2, 20 dogs had 3, and 3 dogs had an unknown number). Recurrence occurred in 24 of 79 surgical dogs (30%) compared to 6 of 47 ChABC-treated dogs (13%). Univariable Poisson regression demonstrated a significantly lower recurrence rate in the ChABC group (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.38; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.87) and in older dogs (IRR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.93). The optimized multivariable model included both these variables and suggested that ChABC injections were associated with an adjusted recurrence incidence rate reduction of approximately 70%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multidisk injection of ChABC was associated with a reduced rate of owner-reported recurrence of clinical signs suggestive of intervertebral disk herniation compared to surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intradiskal injection of ChABC may be an effective prophylactic against intervertebral disk herniation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.01.0005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:24:52Z","timestamp":1776273892000},"page":"1152-1157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of owner-reported recurrent clinical signs of thoracolumbar disk herniation following multiple chondroitinase ABC intradiskal injections or routine surgical management"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Joe","family":"Poacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Queen\u2019s Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Tammaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick D.","family":"Jeffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Queen\u2019s Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","series-title":"North Am Vet","first-page":"411","article-title":"Surgical intervention for paraplegia due to herniation of the nucleus pulposus","volume":"32","author":"Greene JE","year":"1951","unstructured":"Greene JE. Surgical intervention for paraplegia due to herniation of the nucleus pulposus. North Am Vet. 1951;32(6):411-412."},{"issue":"43","key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"123","article-title":"Laminectomy in the dog","volume":"12","author":"Redding RW","year":"1951","unstructured":"Redding RW. Laminectomy in the dog. Am J Vet Res. 1951;12(43):123-128."},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"610","article-title":"Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT SCI). Current approaches to the management of acute thoracolumbar disc extrusion in dogs","volume":"7","author":"Moore SA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moore SA, Tipold A, Olby NJ, Stein V, Granger N; Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT SCI). Current approaches to the management of acute thoracolumbar disc extrusion in dogs. 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