{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:04:05Z","timestamp":1789736645065,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical presentations, diagnostic findings, anesthetic management, surgical treatment, outcomes, and complications of surgical sterilization in client-owned bearded dragons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records were retrospectively collected for all bearded dragons that underwent ovariectomy or ovariosalpingectomy performed by 3 veterinarians board certified in exotics-related specialties between October 2019 and October 2024 at their institutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>25 female dragons underwent surgical sterilization; 1 animal had 2 ovariectomies due to an ovarian remnant for a total of 26 procedures. Median age and body weight were 3.5 years and 498 g, respectively. Common reasons for presentation included hyporexia (n = 15) and coelomic distension (8). Twenty-three procedures were considered urgent, 2 were prophylactic, and 1 was emergent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most common clinical pathologic finding was elevated bile acids (n = 9). Follicles were identified in all cases undergoing ultrasound (n = 18). Anesthetic protocols varied but commonly included dexmedetomidine, ketamine, midazolam, propofol, and isoflurane. Seven animals had additional procedures, including cholecystectomy (n = 2), liver biopsy (2), mass removal\/biopsy (2), partial lung resection (1), subtotal fat body removal (1), and enterotomy (1). Of 14 cases evaluated histologically, 8 had abnormal ovarian findings, most commonly oophoritis (n = 6). Intraoperative hemorrhage was the most common complication (n = 11). Of 26 surgical events, 22 (85%) resulted in survival to discharge and for at least 10 days postoperatively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ovariectomy or ovariosalpingectomy in client-owned bearded dragons may be required for multiple indications. Despite common complications, the surgery has a better prognosis than previously reported in the literature. These findings support ovariectomy or ovariosalpingectomy as a viable surgical option in bearded dragons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.01.0010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T12:14:27Z","timestamp":1781784867000},"page":"1369-1378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ovariectomy and ovariosalpingectomy have reasonable outcomes in stable and critical client-owned bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2717-2883","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Criscione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotic Pet Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Thielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotic Pet Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9286-5754","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyra","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cape Cod Veterinary Specialists, Bourne, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-9765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicola","family":"Di Girolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotic Pet Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"676","article-title":"Using Google Trends to determine current, past, and future trends in the reptile pet trade","volume":"11","author":"Valdez JW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valdez JW. Using Google Trends to determine current, past, and future trends in the reptile pet trade. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(3):676. doi: 10.3390\/ani11030676"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"713","article-title":"Diagnostic clinical pathology of the bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps)","volume":"25","author":"Broughton C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Broughton C, Webb KL. Diagnostic clinical pathology of the bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps). Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2022;25(3):713\u2013734. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2022.06.002"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Med (Praha)","first-page":"508","article-title":"A survey of diseases in captive bearded dragons: a retrospective study of 529 patients","volume":"62","author":"Schmidt-Ukaj S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmidt-Ukaj S, Hochleithner M, Richter B, Hochleithner C, Brandstetter D, Knotek Z. A survey of diseases in captive bearded dragons: a retrospective study of 529 patients. Vet Med (Praha). 2017;62(9):508\u2013515. doi:10.17221\/162\/2016-VETMED"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"200","article-title":"Clinical presentation and disease prevalence of captive central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) at veterinary clinics in Australia","volume":"101","author":"Sollom HJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sollom HJ, Baron HR. Clinical presentation and disease prevalence of captive central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) at veterinary clinics in Australia. Aust Vet J. 2023;101(5):200\u2013207. doi:10.1111\/avj.13234"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Med","first-page":"595","article-title":"Clinical exposures: pre- ovulatory stasis and dystocia in oviparous lizards","volume":"103","author":"Melidone R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Melidone R, Knoll JS, Parry N. Clinical exposures: pre- ovulatory stasis and dystocia in oviparous lizards. Vet Med. 2008;103(11):595."},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice","author":"Doneley B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doneley B, Monks D, Johnson R, Carmel B. Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice. Wiley; 2017. doi: 10.1002\/9781118977705"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"557","article-title":"Emergency care of reptiles","volume":"10","author":"Martinez-Jimenez D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martinez-Jimenez D, Hernandez-Divers SJ. Emergency care of reptiles. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2007;10(2):557\u2013585. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2007.02.003"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med","first-page":"3","article-title":"Suspect acute, bilateral spontaneous ovarian hemorrhage in an adult female leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius)","volume":"31","author":"Romanucci M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Romanucci M, Defourny S, Boari A, Frye F, Della Salda L. Suspect acute, bilateral spontaneous ovarian hemorrhage in an adult female leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius). J Exot Pet Med. 2019;31:3\u20134. doi:10.1053\/j.jepm.2019.03.021"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Herpetol Med Surg","first-page":"83","article-title":"Pre- and post-surgical evaluation of bearded dragons undergoing sterilization","volume":"23","author":"Christiansen E","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christiansen E, Stoskopf M, Harms C. Pre- and post-surgical evaluation of bearded dragons undergoing sterilization. J Herpetol Med Surg. 2013;23(3):83\u201390. doi:10.5818\/1529-9651-23.3.83"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Carpenter\u2019s Exotic Animal Formulary","first-page":"2023","unstructured":"Carpenter JW, Harms CA, eds. Carpenter\u2019s Exotic Animal Formulary. 6th ed. Saunders; 2023."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"e70075","article-title":"Comparative sonographic studies of the urogenital tract in lizards","volume":"66","author":"Kl\u00fctzow NB","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kl\u00fctzow NB, Schmidt V. Comparative sonographic studies of the urogenital tract in lizards. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2025;66(5):e70075. doi: 10.1111\/vru.70075"},{"issue":"S1","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"What Is Your Diagnosis?","volume":"259","author":"Dai W","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai W, Logsdon M, Weaver JM, Hauser L. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022;259(S1):1\u20133. doi:10.2460\/javma.20.04.0230"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Herpetol Med Surg","first-page":"111","article-title":"Successful management of hemocoelom and marked anemia in a central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) following multiple blood transfusions and surgery","volume":"31","author":"Aguilar LAB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aguilar LAB, Divers SJ, Comolli JR, Kehoe S, Good J. Successful management of hemocoelom and marked anemia in a central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) following multiple blood transfusions and surgery. J Herpetol Med Surg. 2021;31(2):111\u2013118. doi:10.5818\/JHMS-01-2020"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandry","first-page":"345","article-title":"Reproduction in reptiles","volume":"2","author":"Frye FL","year":"1991","unstructured":"Frye FL. Reproduction in reptiles. In: Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandry. Vol 2. Krieger Publishing Company; 1991:345\u2013392."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"547","article-title":"Evaluation of the use of anesthesia and analgesia in reptiles","volume":"224","author":"Read MR","year":"2004","unstructured":"Read MR. Evaluation of the use of anesthesia and analgesia in reptiles. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;224(4):547\u2013552. doi: 10.2460\/javma.2004.224.547"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"536","article-title":"Retrospective assessment of general anesthesia-related challenges, morbidity, and death in snakes: 139 cases (2000\u20132022)","volume":"261","author":"Morrison HL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morrison HL, Rasys AM, Quandt JE, Divers SJ. Retrospective assessment of general anesthesia-related challenges, morbidity, and death in snakes: 139 cases (2000\u20132022). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(4):536\u2013543. doi: 10.2460\/javma.22.10.0477"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Herpetol Med Surg","first-page":"91","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of isoflurane anesthesia\u2013associated mortality in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) from 2002 to 2022: 40 cases","volume":"35","author":"Day AL","year":"2025","unstructured":"Day AL, Trenholme HN, Strahl-Heldreth D, Keller KA. Retrospective analysis of isoflurane anesthesia\u2013associated mortality in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) from 2002 to 2022: 40 cases. J Herpetol Med Surg. 2025;35(2):91\u201395. doi:10.5818\/JHMS-D-24-00009"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"73","article-title":"Sedation and anesthesia of lizards","volume":"25","author":"Ferreira TH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferreira TH, Mans C. Sedation and anesthesia of lizards. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2022;25(1):73\u201395. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2021.08.002"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/10\/javma.26.01.0010.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/10\/javma.26.01.0010.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/10\/javma.26.01.0010.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:15:05Z","timestamp":1789733705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/10\/javma.26.01.0010.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.26.01.0010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}