{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:54:33Z","timestamp":1792173273351,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To document the clinical signs, diagnosis, and outcomes in preweaned kittens with bromethalin toxicosis, and to determine the duration that desmethylbromethalin (DMB) can be measured in serum after bromethalin exposure in kittens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>5 litters of neonatal kittens with neurologic disease were evaluated. Two litters presented to a veterinary hospital for evaluation, and 3 litters presented for diagnostic investigation following euthanasia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective study, physical and neurologic examinations were completed for 5 kittens, with serial follow-up examinations completed for 3 kittens. Autopsies were done in 10 kittens. Tissue (10 kittens) or serial serum samples (3 kittens) were analyzed with LC-MS-MS for DMB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>12 preweaned kittens were diagnosed with bromethalin toxicosis on the basis of clinical signs, autopsy, and measurement of DMB in tissue (n = 10) or serum (2). Ten kittens were tested for and diagnosed with bromethalin exposure on the basis of marked white matter vacuolization on histopathology. Three kittens in 1 litter were diagnosed with bromethalin exposure antemortem directed by autopsy results of 3 littermates. Two of the 3 kittens developed neurologic signs of bromethalin toxicosis that resolved within 6 weeks; the third kitten remained clinically normal. Serum monitoring detected DMB in the surviving kittens for &gt; 30 days after presentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bromethalin toxicosis occurs in preweaned kittens, and neurologic signs are not uniformly predictive of a grave prognosis. The laboratory detection of DMB in serum can be a useful method for confirming exposure up to 46 days after exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.01.0039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T17:39:29Z","timestamp":1776879569000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical presentation and outcome of bromethalin toxicosis in preweaned kittens: a case series"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2926-9121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chelsea","family":"Sykes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System\u2013Davis Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Poppenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System\u2013Davis Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennine","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System\u2013Tulare Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Tulare, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Shephard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System\u2013Davis Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5183-3980","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eunju April","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen M.","family":"Puff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Itsie Bitsie Rescue, Fair Oaks, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8062-0028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen M.","family":"Vernau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"497","article-title":"Kitten mortality in the United Kingdom: a retrospective analysis of 274 histopathological examinations (1986 to 2000)","volume":"151","author":"Cave TA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cave TA, Thompson H, Reid SWJ, Hodgson DR, Addie DD. Kitten mortality in the United Kingdom: a retrospective analysis of 274 histopathological examinations (1986 to 2000). Vet Rec. 2002;151(17):497-501. doi:10.1136\/vr.151.17.497"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref2","series-title":"In Pract","first-page":"266","article-title":"Fading syndrome in kittens","volume":"36","author":"Meade C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meade C. Fading syndrome in kittens. In Pract. 2014;36(6):266-276. doi:10.1136\/inp.g3212"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Prog Vet Neurol","first-page":"189","article-title":"Bromethalin neurotoxicosis in the cat","volume":"1","author":"Dorman DC","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dorman DC, Parker AJ, Dye JA, Buck WB. Bromethalin neurotoxicosis in the cat. Prog Vet Neurol. 1990;1:189-196."},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"589","article-title":"Bromethalin toxicosis in the dog. Part I: clinical effects. 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Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1990;20(2):339-352. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(90)50028-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/11\/javma.26.01.0039.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/11\/javma.26.01.0039.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/11\/javma.26.01.0039.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:25:07Z","timestamp":1792171507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/11\/javma.26.01.0039.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.26.01.0039","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]}}}