{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:42:32Z","timestamp":1787330552325,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe patient and management characteristics associated with radiographic sand accumulation in a desert population of horses, as well as identify factors independently associated with a diagnosis of sand colic and need for surgical intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Horses were prospectively allocated into 3 groups: control horses, horses with sand colic, and horses with non-sand\u2013associated colic. Signalment, radiographs, and management outcomes were compared between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Median depth of sand was significantly greater in horses diagnosed with sand colic compared to other groups (112.16 vs 10.5 vs 12.0 mm). Increasing sand depth was associated with increased odds of having sand colic. Younger horses were more likely to be diagnosed with sand colic (2 vs 4.9 years); however, surgical intervention was more likely in older horses (2.6 vs 1.3 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Horses diagnosed with sand colic exhibited greater sand depth compared to those with non-sand colic or controls. For every millimeter of sand present, horses had a 2% increase in the odds of being diagnosed with sand colic. Factors independently associated with a diagnosis of sand colic were a lower body weight, presence of cranial sand on radiographs, and increasing sand depth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The OR of a diagnosis of sand colic increases by 2% with every millimeter of measured sand depth. Additionally, greater depths of sand were not associated with increased risk of surgical management. This data helps clinicians determine the relevance of sand identified radiographically in horses presenting for colic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.02.0122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:11:58Z","timestamp":1787328718000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Depth and distribution of colonic sand accumulation in a desert population of horses and its association with diagnosis of sand colic"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Sikorska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anglesey Lodge Equine Hospital, The Curragh, County Kildare, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5731-8996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emma","family":"Stapley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joao","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Al Shaqab, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jude Eric","family":"Lazala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Care Group, Lummen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Care Group, Lummen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1933-2219","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Florent","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Al Shaqab, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Equine Care Group, Lummen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4902-6725","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Vinardell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Al Shaqab, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Equine Care Group, Lummen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6080-2692","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Camilla","family":"Jamieson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"},{"name":"Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Al Shaqab, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"600","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of sand enteropathy in the horse","volume":"34","author":"Niinist\u00f6 K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Niinist\u00f6 K, Sykes BW. Diagnosis and management of sand enteropathy in the horse. Equine Vet Educ. 2022;34(11):600-606. doi:10.1111\/eve.13562"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"404","article-title":"Surgical management of sand colic impactions in horses: a retrospective study of 41 cases","volume":"86","author":"Granot N","year":"2008","unstructured":"Granot N, Milgram J, Bdolah-Abram T, Shemesh I, Steinman A. Surgical management of sand colic impactions in horses: a retrospective study of 41 cases. Aust Vet J. 2008;86(10):404-407. doi:10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2008.00348.x"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","first-page":"10","article-title":"Owner-reported clinical signs and management-related factors in horses radiographed for intestinal sand accumulation","volume":"80","author":"Niinist\u00f6 KE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niinist\u00f6 KE, M\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4 MA, Ruohoniemi MO, Paulaniemi M, Raekallio MR. Owner-reported clinical signs and management-related factors in horses radiographed for intestinal sand accumulation. J Equine Vet Sci. 2019;80:10-15. doi:10.1016\/j.jevs.2019.05.012"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"122","article-title":"Objective radiographic assessment of abdominal sand accumulation in horses","volume":"49","author":"Keppie NJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Keppie NJ, Rosenstein DS, Holcombe SJ, Schott HC II. Objective radiographic assessment of abdominal sand accumulation in horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2008;49(2):122-128. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2008.00337.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"499","article-title":"Reliability of ultrasonography compared to radiography in revealing intestinal sand accumulations in horses","volume":"34","author":"Korolainen R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Korolainen R, Ruohoniemi M. 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Radiographic area of large intestinal sand accumulation in horses may determine clinical significance. Aust Veterinary J. 2025;103(12):890-893. doi:10.1111\/avj.70007"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"17","article-title":"Radiographic parameters for diagnosing sand colic in horses","volume":"50","author":"Kendall A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kendall A, Ley C, Egenvall A, Br\u00f6jer J. Radiographic parameters for diagnosing sand colic in horses. Acta Vet Scand. 2008;50(1):17. doi:10.1186\/1751-0147-50-17"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"289","article-title":"Equine colic: putting the puzzle together","volume":"181","author":"Archer DC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Archer DC. Equine colic: putting the puzzle together. Vet Rec. 2017;181(11):289-290. doi:10.1136\/vr.j4161"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"543","article-title":"Ponies, miniatures, and younger equids are at higher risk of fecalith obstruction compared to a general colic population","volume":"262","author":"Miklavcic M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miklavcic M, Dechant JE, Kilcoyne I. Ponies, miniatures, and younger equids are at higher risk of fecalith obstruction compared to a general colic population. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(4):543-551. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.09.0520"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"465","article-title":"Medical management of sand enteropathy in 62 horses","volume":"45","author":"Hart KA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hart KA, Linnenkohl W, Mayer JR, House AM, Gold JR, Gigu\u00e8re S. Medical management of sand enteropathy in 62 horses. 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Equine Vet J. 2001;33(1):59-64. doi:10.2746\/042516401776767403"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.02.0122\/javma.26.02.0122.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.02.0122\/javma.26.02.0122.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:11:58Z","timestamp":1787328718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.02.0122\/javma.26.02.0122.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":13,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.26.02.0122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}