{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T19:37:09Z","timestamp":1786563429820,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the predominance of presenting complaints, diagnoses, and serum biochemistry abnormalities of companion pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a retrospective study from January 2008 through December 2024, medical records were reviewed for companion pigs that were presented to a referral hospital and received biochemistry panels. Exclusionary criteria included healthy status and pigs &lt; 1 year old. Year, signalment, presenting complaints, diagnoses, and biochemistry results were recorded. Frequencies were analyzed with descriptive statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>192 patients were included, with a total of 275 complaints and 225 diagnoses. Chief complaints were anorexia (64 of 275 [23%]), lethargy (45 of 275 [16%]), neurologic signs (24 of 275 [9%]), vomiting (23 of 275 [8%]), and abnormal urination (19 of 275 [7%]). Predominant diagnoses by system included gastrointestinal (42 of 225 [19%]), musculoskeletal (35 of 225 [16%]), and renal or urinary (35 of 225 [16%]). The most common individual diagnosis reported was an unspecified diagnosis (28 of 225 [12%]). Among frequent diagnoses, anorexia was the most consistently reported complaint. Main biochemical abnormalities included hyperglobulinemia (74 of 192 [39%]), hypomagnesemia (72 of 192 [38%]), hypoalbuminemia (56 of 192 [29%]), elevated BUN (51 of 192 [26%]), elevated AST (41 of 192 [21%]), hypochloremia (37 of 192 [19%]), and both hypocalcemia and elevated creatinine (35 of 192 [18%]). Among main biochemical abnormalities, anorexia and lethargy were the most consistently encountered complaints. Principal diagnosis among main biochemical abnormalities was an acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Companion pigs frequently present for nonspecific complaints associated with diverse subsets of diseases and biochemistry abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study further expands the literature available to practitioners facing an increased prevalence of companion pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.03.0165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T19:19:04Z","timestamp":1786562344000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anorexia is the most common presenting complaint of companion pigs: a retrospective study of 192 companion pigs (2008\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6965-6443","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kari","family":"Hancock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1785-2459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shannon","family":"Darby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1388","article-title":"Review of venipuncture and intravenous catheterization techniques in pigs","volume":"262","author":"Elane GL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elane GL, Bauck AG, Hobbs KJ,  Review of venipuncture and intravenous catheterization techniques in pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(10):1388-1396. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.03.0169"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"PeerJ","first-page":"e18968","article-title":"Hematology and clinical biochemistry reference intervals for companion pigs using the ADVIA 2120 and Cobas c501","volume":"13","author":"Schaefer DMW","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schaefer DMW, Videla R, Smith JS, Mulon PY, Flatland B, Zhu X. Hematology and clinical biochemistry reference intervals for companion pigs using the ADVIA 2120 and Cobas c501. PeerJ. 2025;13:e18968. doi:10.7717\/peerj.18968"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Potbellied pigs: miniature porcine pets","volume":"23","author":"Braun WF Jr","year":"1993","unstructured":"Braun WF Jr, Casteel SW. Potbellied pigs: miniature porcine pets. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1993;23(6):1149-1177. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50151-1. Published correction appears in Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1994;24(1):vii."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref4","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"843","article-title":"Obstipation in pet pigs: 24 cases","volume":"62","author":"Hobbs KJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hobbs KJ, DeNotta SL, Gallastegui A,  Obstipation in pet pigs: 24 cases. Can Vet J. 2021;62(8):843-848."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"389","article-title":"Mineral composition of urinary calculi from potbellied pigs with urolithiasis: 50 cases (1982-2012)","volume":"243","author":"Chigerwe M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chigerwe M, Shiraki R, Olstad EC, Angelos JA, Ruby AL, Westropp JL. Mineral composition of urinary calculi from potbellied pigs with urolithiasis: 50 cases (1982-2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;243(3):389-393. doi:10.2460\/javma.243.3.389"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"342","article-title":"Resting rectal temperature of Vietnamese potbellied pigs","volume":"215","author":"Lord LK","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lord LK, Wittum TE, Anderson DE, Riffle D, Lathrop SL, Lauderdale MA. Resting rectal temperature of Vietnamese potbellied pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;215(3):342-344. doi:10.2460\/javma.1999.215.03.342"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med","first-page":"504","article-title":"Minipigs and potbellied pigs as pets in the veterinary practice\u2014a retrospective study","volume":"54","author":"Sipos W","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sipos W, Schmoll F, Stumpf I. Minipigs and potbellied pigs as pets in the veterinary practice\u2014a retrospective study. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2007;54(9):504-511. doi:10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2007.00968.x"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Large Animal Internal Medicine","first-page":"1764","article-title":"Disorders Cause by Toxicants","author":"Smith BP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith BP, Van Metre DC, Pusterla N. Disorders Cause by Toxicants. In: Smith BP, Pusterla N, eds. Large Animal Internal Medicine. 6th ed. Elsevier\/Mosby; 2019:1764\u20131809."},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems","first-page":"261","article-title":"Swine diseases and disorders","author":"Robbins RC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Robbins RC, Almond G, Byers E. Swine diseases and disorders. In: Van Alfen NK, ed. Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems. Elsevier; 2014:261\u2013276. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-444-52512-3.00134-0"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Diseases of Swine","author":"Zimmerman JJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zimmerman JJ, Karriker LA, Ramirez A, Schwartz KJ, Stevenson GW, Zhang J, eds. Diseases of Swine. 11th ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2019. doi:10.1002\/9781119350927"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"193","article-title":"Potbellied pig husbandry and nutrition","volume":"2","author":"Tynes VV","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tynes VV. Potbellied pig husbandry and nutrition. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 1999;2(1):193-208. doi:10.1016\/S1094-9194(17)30147-0"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Comp Clin Path","first-page":"162","article-title":"Hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals for Vietnamese potbellied pigs (Sus scrofa)","volume":"13","author":"Brockus CW","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brockus CW, Mahaffey EA, Bush SE, KruppDespain W. Hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals for Vietnamese potbellied pigs (Sus scrofa). Comp Clin Path. 2005;13:162-165. doi:10.1007\/s00580-005-0539-5"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"463","article-title":"Investigating common clinical presentations in first opinion small animal consultations using direct observation","volume":"176","author":"Robinson NJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robinson NJ, Dean RS, Cobb M, Brennan ML. Investigating common clinical presentations in first opinion small animal consultations using direct observation. Vet Rec. 2015;176(18):463. doi:10.1136\/vr.102751"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref14","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"326","article-title":"Incidence of presenting complaints and diagnoses in insured Australian dogs","volume":"98","author":"Wolf S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolf S, Selinger J, Ward MP, Santos-Smith P, Awad M, Fawcett A. Incidence of presenting complaints and diagnoses in insured Australian dogs. Aust Vet J. 2020;98(7):326-332. doi:10.1111\/avj.12981"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"298","article-title":"Emergency case admissions at a large animal tertiary university referral hospital during a 12-month period","volume":"18","author":"Dolente BA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dolente BA, Lindborg S, Russell G, Southwood LL. Emergency case admissions at a large animal tertiary university referral hospital during a 12-month period. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2008;18(3):298-305. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2008.00305.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","series-title":"BMC Emerg Med","first-page":"109","article-title":"Frequency and predictors of unspecific medical diagnoses in the emergency department: a prospective observational study","volume":"22","author":"Birrenbach T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Birrenbach T, Hoffmann M, Hautz SC,  Frequency and predictors of unspecific medical diagnoses in the emergency department: a prospective observational study. BMC Emerg Med. 2022;22(1):109. doi:10.1186\/s12873-022-00665-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vet Med Educ","first-page":"356","article-title":"Strategies to improve case outcome when referral is not affordable","volume":"47","author":"Sullivant AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sullivant AM, Mackin AJ, Morse D. Strategies to improve case outcome when referral is not affordable. J Vet Med Educ. 2020;47(3):356-364. doi:10.3138\/jvme.0518-061r1"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"The general practitioner\u2019s guide to pet pigs. Today\u2019s Veterinary Practice","author":"Darby S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Darby S. The general practitioner\u2019s guide to pet pigs. Today\u2019s Veterinary Practice. October 3, 2024. Accessed July 9, 2025. https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/preventive-medicine\/the-general-practitioners-guide-to-pet-pigs\/"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref19","series-title":"Animal","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Pre-analytical factors affecting the results of laboratory blood analyses in farm animal veterinary diagnostics","volume":"6","author":"Humann-Ziehank E","year":"2012","unstructured":"Humann-Ziehank E, Ganter M. Pre-analytical factors affecting the results of laboratory blood analyses in farm animal veterinary diagnostics. Animal. 2012;6(7):1115-1123. doi:10.1017\/S1751731111002679"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"387","article-title":"Blood biochemistry and hematological changes in rats after administration of a mixture of three anesthetic agents","volume":"80","author":"Ochiai Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ochiai Y, Baba A, Hiramatsu M,  Blood biochemistry and hematological changes in rats after administration of a mixture of three anesthetic agents. J Vet Med Sci. 2018;80(2):387-394. doi:10.1292\/jvms.17-0497"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref21","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"334","article-title":"Effects of xylazine, romifidine, or detomidine on hematology, biochemistry, and splenic thickness in healthy horses","volume":"55","author":"Kullmann A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kullmann A, Sanz M, Fosgate GT, Saulez MN, Page PC, Rioja E. Effects of xylazine, romifidine, or detomidine on hematology, biochemistry, and splenic thickness in healthy horses. Can Vet J. 2014;55(4):334-340."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref22","series-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med","first-page":"1893","article-title":"Working Group Accreditation and ISO\/CEN Standards (WG-A\/ISO) of the EFLM. Recommendation for the review of biological reference intervals in medical laboratories","volume":"54","author":"Henny J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Henny J, Vassault A, Boursier G, ; Working Group Accreditation and ISO\/CEN Standards (WG-A\/ISO) of the EFLM. Recommendation for the review of biological reference intervals in medical laboratories. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016;54(12):1893-1900. doi:10.1515\/cclm-2016-0793"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Br J Biomed Sci","first-page":"12339","article-title":"The role and limitations of the reference interval within clinical chemistry and its reliability for disease detection","volume":"81","author":"Timbrell NE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Timbrell NE. The role and limitations of the reference interval within clinical chemistry and its reliability for disease detection. Br J Biomed Sci. 2024;81:12339. doi:10.3389\/bjbs.2024.12339"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref24","series-title":"Clin Chem","first-page":"1317","article-title":"HAPPI Kids Study Team. Reference values for 30 common biochemistry analytes across 5 different analyzers in neonates and children 30 days to 18 years of age","volume":"65","author":"Hoq M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoq M, Matthews S, Karlaftis V, ; HAPPI Kids Study Team. Reference values for 30 common biochemistry analytes across 5 different analyzers in neonates and children 30 days to 18 years of age. Clin Chem. 2019;65(10):1317-1326. doi:10.1373\/clinchem.2019.306431"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Pract Lab Med","first-page":"e00148","article-title":"Evaluation of the Beckman Coulter DxC 700 AU chemistry analyzer","volume":"18","author":"Bush VJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bush VJ, Smola C, Schmitt P. Evaluation of the Beckman Coulter DxC 700 AU chemistry analyzer. Pract Lab Med. 2019;18:e00148. doi:10.1016\/j.plabm.2019.e00148"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"47","article-title":"Age-related changes in hematologic and serum biochemical variables in dogs aged 16-60 days","volume":"44","author":"R\u00f8rtveit R","year":"2015","unstructured":"R\u00f8rtveit R, Saevik BK, Eggertsd\u00f3ttir AV,  Age-related changes in hematologic and serum biochemical variables in dogs aged 16-60 days. Vet Clin Pathol. 2015;44(1):47-57. doi:10.1111\/vcp.12220"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref27","series-title":"Lab Anim Res","first-page":"245","article-title":"Analysis of reference interval and age-related changes in serum biochemistry and hematology in the specific pathogen free miniature pig","volume":"28","author":"Yeom SC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yeom SC, Cho SY, Park CG, Lee WJ. Analysis of reference interval and age-related changes in serum biochemistry and hematology in the specific pathogen free miniature pig. Lab Anim Res. 2012;28(4):245-253. doi:10.5625\/lar.2012.28.4.245"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref28","series-title":"Clin Chem","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Biochemical marker reference values across pediatric, adult, and geriatric ages: establishment of robust pediatric and adult reference intervals on the basis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey","volume":"61","author":"Adeli K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adeli K, Higgins V, Nieuwesteeg M,  Biochemical marker reference values across pediatric, adult, and geriatric ages: establishment of robust pediatric and adult reference intervals on the basis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Clin Chem. 2015;61(8):1049-1062. doi:10.1373\/clinchem.2015.240515"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.03.0165\/javma.26.03.0165.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.03.0165\/javma.26.03.0165.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T19:19:08Z","timestamp":1786562348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.03.0165\/javma.26.03.0165.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.26.03.0165","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}}}