{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:54:05Z","timestamp":1792173245236,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify nomination-level and contextual factors associated with whether USDA Veterinary Medicine Loan Repayment Program (VMLRP) shortage situation nominations are filled by an awardee veterinarian.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type I (at least 80% food animal practice) and Type II (at least 30% food animal practice in a rural area) VMLRP shortage situation nominations submitted from fiscal year 2010 through fiscal year 2021 (n = 2,163) were analyzed in a retrospective observational study; Type III (public practice) nominations were excluded. Logistic regression models were estimated to predict fill status (filled vs unfilled). Nomination-level predictors included shortage type (Type I vs Type II) and carryover status (unfilled in prior year). County-level agricultural and economic factors were also included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Annual fill rates ranged from 19.3% to 36.8%. Carryover nominations were less likely to be filled. Higher per capita income, greater number of farms, and larger cow and heifer inventory were positively associated with fill. Type I nominations had modestly higher fill odds than Type II.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VMLRP nomination areas with higher local per capita income, number of farms, and cow and heifer inventory and that do not have a carryover nomination status are more likely to be filled. Regional differences in fill rates persisted after adjustment for measured covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Loan repayment incentives were most effective where local market conditions support practice viability, suggesting that greater incentives would be needed to recruit veterinarians to low-income or small-scale agricultural areas. These findings can inform how VMLRP shortage situations are designated and prioritized to improve veterinary workforce placement in underserved rural areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.03.0192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T12:27:28Z","timestamp":1785328048000},"page":"1496-1504","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Higher local income and farm scale are associated with greater odds of veterinary loan repayment program rural shortage situation placement"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Clinton L.","family":"Neill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"},{"name":"Applied Economics Consulting LLC, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abby","family":"ShalekBriski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"The United States veterinary workforce dilemma: are we asking the right questions?","volume":"263","author":"Neill CL","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neill CL, Salois M. The United States veterinary workforce dilemma: are we asking the right questions? J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(1):1-5. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.06.0365"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Exploration of veterinary shortages in the wake of the Veterinary Feed Directive","volume":"253","author":"Tack DM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tack DM, McCool-Eye MJ, Kizer CR, Dargatz DA, Turzillo AM. Exploration of veterinary shortages in the wake of the Veterinary Feed Directive. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018;253(10):1334-1341. doi:10.2460\/javma.253.10.1334"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref3","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"198","article-title":"Where are the food animal veterinarian shortage areas anyway?","volume":"104","author":"Wang T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang T, Hennessy DA, O\u2019Connor AM. Where are the food animal veterinarian shortage areas anyway? Prev Vet Med. 2012;104(3-4):198-206. doi:10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.12.017"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1440","article-title":"The multimarket model of the veterinary industry","volume":"260","author":"Neill CL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neill CL. The multimarket model of the veterinary industry. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022;260(12):1440-1444. doi:10.2460\/javma.21.12.0521"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Veterinary Medicine Loan Repayment Program","unstructured":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Veterinary Medicine Loan Repayment Program. 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J Rural Health. 2015;31(3):231-234. doi:10.1111\/jrh.12118"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/11\/javma.26.03.0192.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/11\/javma.26.03.0192.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/11\/javma.26.03.0192.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:25:07Z","timestamp":1792171507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/11\/javma.26.03.0192.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.26.03.0192","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]}}}