{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:52:08Z","timestamp":1792173128944,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate immunogenicity, persistence of antibodies, survival after challenge, and anamnestic response following extralabel parenteral rabies vaccination across mammalian species compared with benchmarks from on-label canine vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mammals described in published studies of extralabel parenteral rabies vaccination. A structured literature review (1980 to 2025) identified studies reporting serologic or challenge outcomes after extralabel parenteral rabies vaccination. Extracted data included taxonomic family; vaccine type and schedule, timing of serum collection, antibody titers, survival after experimental challenge, and response to booster vaccination. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted by family and overall. Pooled proportions were compared with the World Organisation for Animal Health benchmark of 88% survival and with canine benchmarks for primary seroconversion (88.1%), antibody levels 6 to 12 months after primary vaccination (72.9%), and booster response (96.8%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>32 articles describing 41 studies met inclusion criteria, representing 2,630 animals from 28 species in 17 families. After primary vaccination, 84.4 \u00b1 4.1% achieved titers \u2265 0.5 IU\/mL, with 14 of 16 families noninferior to the canine benchmark. At \u2265 6 months, 63.7 \u00b1 10.6% maintained titers \u2265 0.5 IU\/mL. Among 79 vaccinated animals challenged with rabies virus, 89.0 \u00b1 9.8% survived. Booster vaccination produced adequate titers in 89.1 \u00b1 8.0% of 275 animals, with reduced responses in the families Elephantidae and Ursidae.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Modern-day rabies vaccines generate strong antibody responses across diverse mammalian families, with nondomestic canids responding similarly to domestic dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support recognizing extralabel vaccination as biologically protective and can inform public health and animal management policies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.04.0246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:39:17Z","timestamp":1783532357000},"page":"1488-1495","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serological response to extralabel use of parenteral rabies vaccines in 28 mammalian species"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conrad","family":"Freuling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine F. R.","family":"Seetahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Slavinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Rabies and Rabies Vaccines","author":"Ertl HCJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ertl HCJ. Rabies and Rabies Vaccines. 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