{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:42:33Z","timestamp":1787330553610,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate allele frequencies for genetic diseases in the American Quarter Horse (QH), including hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1), malignant hyperthermia (MH), myosin-heavy chain myopathy (MYHM), glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (GBED), hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA), and equine juvenile spinocerebellar ataxia (EJSCA), and to compare these frequencies over time among elite performance subgroups and a random cohort of registered horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective genetic survey, DNA was extracted from 300 elite performance QHs in 7 popular disciplines and 300 randomly selected QHs born between 2020 and 2024. Genotyping was performed with commercially available assays. Allele, carrier, and affected frequencies were calculated as proportion \u00b1 SE, compared across disciplines, and compared to a 2009 study by Tryon et al.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genotyping the top-performing QHs identified high HYPP (0.318 \u00b1 0.050) and PSSM1 (0.386 \u00b1 0.052) frequencies in halter horses. Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency frequency was high in reining horses (0.109 \u00b1 0.032), and HERDA was high in cutting horses (0.135 \u00b1 0.035). Genotyping randomly selected QHs identified low PSSM1 (0.012 \u00b1 0.004) and high myosin-heavy chain myopathy frequencies (0.066 \u00b1 0.010). Many of these allele frequencies in the random population have not changed over time (HYPP, GBED, HERDA) but have changed within specific subgroups. Equine juvenile spinocerebellar ataxia allele frequencies were low but detectable in the random, reining, and cutting populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disease allele frequencies in QHs are highly variable between performance subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The establishment of allele frequencies allows for longitudinal monitoring to determine how genetic testing results are being utilized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.04.0256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:11:59Z","timestamp":1787328719000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Allele frequencies of 7 inherited disorders in performance and random cohorts of American Quarter Horses (2020\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Briana N.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayne","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thong M.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan P.","family":"Tatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Grahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Carrillo-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca R.","family":"Bellone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"},{"name":"Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie J.","family":"Finno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"340","article-title":"Familial incidence of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in Quarter Horses","volume":"200","author":"Naylor JM","year":"1992","unstructured":"Naylor JM, Robinson JA, Bertone J. Familial incidence of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in Quarter Horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992;200(3):340-343. doi:10.2460\/javma.1992.200.03.340"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","series-title":"Anim Genet","first-page":"241","article-title":"Linkage of hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis in Quarter Horses to the horse adult skeletal muscle sodium channel gene","volume":"23","author":"Rudolph JA","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rudolph JA, Spier SJ, Byrns G, Hoffman EP. Linkage of hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis in Quarter Horses to the horse adult skeletal muscle sodium channel gene. Anim Genet. 1992;23(3):241-250. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2052.1992.tb00136.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","series-title":"Nat Genet","first-page":"144","article-title":"Periodic paralysis in Quarter Horses: a sodium channel mutation disseminated by selective breeding","volume":"2","author":"Rudolph JA","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rudolph JA, Spier SJ, Byrns G, Rojas CV, Bernoco D, Hoffman EP. Periodic paralysis in Quarter Horses: a sodium channel mutation disseminated by selective breeding. Nat Genet. 1992;2(2):144-147. doi:10.1038\/ng1092-144"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners","first-page":"383","article-title":"An episodic weakness in four horses associated with intermittent serum hyperkalemia and the similarity of the disease to hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in man","volume":"31","author":"Cox JH","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cox JH. An episodic weakness in four horses associated with intermittent serum hyperkalemia and the similarity of the disease to hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in man. In: Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. 1986;31:383-390."},{"issue":"9","key":"ref5","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"332","article-title":"Episodic muscle tremors in a Quarter Horse: resemblance to hyperkalemic periodic paralysis","volume":"27","author":"Steiss JE","year":"1986","unstructured":"Steiss JE, Naylor JM. Episodic muscle tremors in a Quarter Horse: resemblance to hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Can Vet J. 1986;27(9):332-335."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses","volume":"197","author":"Spier SJ","year":"1990","unstructured":"Spier SJ, Carlson GP, Holliday TA, Cardinet GH, Pickar JG. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;197(8):1009-1017. doi:10.2460\/javma.1990.197.08.1009"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"83","article-title":"Episodic weakness caused by hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses","volume":"12","author":"Cox JH","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cox JH, Debowes RM. Episodic weakness caused by hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1990;12:83-89."},{"issue":"5 pt 1","key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"C926","article-title":"Altered ionic permeability in skeletal muscle from horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis","volume":"260","author":"Pickar JG","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pickar JG, Spier SJ, Snyder JR, Carlsen RC. Altered ionic permeability in skeletal muscle from horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Am J Physiol. 1991;260(5 pt 1):C926-C933. doi:10.1152\/ajpcell.1991.260.5.C926"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref9","series-title":"Hum Mol Genet","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Pathophysiology of sodium channelopathies: correlation of normal\/mutant mRNA ratios with clinical phenotype in dominantly inherited periodic paralysis","volume":"3","author":"Zhou J","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zhou J, Spier SJ, Beech J, Hoffman EP. Pathophysiology of sodium channelopathies: correlation of normal\/mutant mRNA ratios with clinical phenotype in dominantly inherited periodic paralysis. Hum Mol Genet. 1994;3(9):1599-1603. doi:10.1093\/hmg\/3.9.1599"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref10","series-title":"Genomics","first-page":"458","article-title":"Glycogen synthase (GYS1) mutation causes a novel skeletal muscle glycogenosis","volume":"91","author":"McCue ME","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Miller MB,  Glycogen synthase (GYS1) mutation causes a novel skeletal muscle glycogenosis. Genomics. 2008;91(5):458-466. doi:10.1016\/j.ygeno.2008.01.011"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"43","article-title":"Skeletal muscle metabolic response to exercise in horses with \u2018tying-up\u2019 due to polysaccharide storage myopathy","volume":"31","author":"Valberg SJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"Valberg SJ, Macleay JM, Billstrom JA, Hower-Moritz MA, Mickelson JR. Skeletal muscle metabolic response to exercise in horses with \u2018tying-up\u2019 due to polysaccharide storage myopathy. Equine Vet J. 1999;31(1):43-47. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03789.x"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"ref12","series-title":"Neuromuscul Disord","first-page":"351","article-title":"Polysaccharide storage myopathy associated with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses","volume":"2","author":"Valberg SJ","year":"1992","unstructured":"Valberg SJ, Cardinet GH III, Carlson GP, DiMauro S. Polysaccharide storage myopathy associated with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses. Neuromuscul Disord. 1992;2(5-6):351-359. doi:10.1016\/S0960-8966(06)80006-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"286","article-title":"Familial basis of exertional rhabdomyolysis in Quarter Horse-related breeds","volume":"57","author":"Valberg SJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"Valberg SJ, Geyer C, Sorum SA, Cardinet GH III. Familial basis of exertional rhabdomyolysis in Quarter Horse-related breeds. Am J Vet Res. 1996;57(3):286-290. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.03.286"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"887","article-title":"The effect of varying dietary starch and fat content on serum creatine kinase activity and substrate availability in equine polysaccharide storage myopathy","volume":"18","author":"Ribeiro WP","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ribeiro WP, Valberg SJ, Pagan JD, Gustavsson BE. The effect of varying dietary starch and fat content on serum creatine kinase activity and substrate availability in equine polysaccharide storage myopathy. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18(6):887-894. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02637.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref15","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1319","article-title":"Epidemiologic characteristics and management of polysaccharide storage myopathy in Quarter Horses","volume":"64","author":"Firshman AM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Firshman AM, Valberg SJ, Bender JB, Finno CJ. Epidemiologic characteristics and management of polysaccharide storage myopathy in Quarter Horses. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64(10):1319-1327. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.1319"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref16","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e42317","article-title":"Allele copy number and underlying pathology are associated with subclinical severity in equine type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1)","volume":"7","author":"Naylor RJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Naylor RJ, Livesey L, Schumacher J,  Allele copy number and underlying pathology are associated with subclinical severity in equine type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1). PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42317. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0042317"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"356","article-title":"Association of a mutation in the ryanodine receptor 1 gene with equine malignant hyperthermia","volume":"30","author":"Aleman M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aleman M, Riehl J, Aldridge BM, Lecouteur RA, Stott JL, Pessah IN. Association of a mutation in the ryanodine receptor 1 gene with equine malignant hyperthermia. Muscle Nerve. 2004;30(3):356-365. doi:10.1002\/mus.20084"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"329","article-title":"Malignant hyperthermia associated with ryanodine receptor 1 (C7360G) mutation in Quarter Horses","volume":"23","author":"Aleman M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aleman M, Nieto JE, Magdesian KG. Malignant hyperthermia associated with ryanodine receptor 1 (C7360G) mutation in Quarter Horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2009;23(2):329-334. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0274.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","series-title":"Neuromuscul Disord","first-page":"37","article-title":"Polysaccharide storage myopathy phenotype in Quarter Horse-related breeds is modified by the presence of an RYR1 mutation","volume":"19","author":"McCue ME","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Jackson M, Borgia L, Lucio M, Mickelson JR. Polysaccharide storage myopathy phenotype in Quarter Horse-related breeds is modified by the presence of an RYR1 mutation. Neuromuscul Disord. 2009;19(1):37-43. doi:10.1016\/j.nmd.2008.10.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","series-title":"Skelet Muscle","first-page":"7","article-title":"A missense mutation in MYH1 is associated with susceptibility to immune-mediated myositis in Quarter Horses","volume":"8","author":"Finno CJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Finno CJ, Gianino G, Perumbakkam S,  A missense mutation in MYH1 is associated with susceptibility to immune-mediated myositis in Quarter Horses. Skelet Muscle. 2018;8(1):7. doi:10.1186\/s13395-018-0155-0"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1718","article-title":"An E321G MYH1 mutation is strongly associated with nonexertional rhabdomyolysis in Quarter Horses","volume":"32","author":"Valberg SJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valberg SJ, Henry ML, Perumbakkam S, Gardner KL, Finno CJ. An E321G MYH1 mutation is strongly associated with nonexertional rhabdomyolysis in Quarter Horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(5):1718-1725. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15299"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"495","article-title":"Suspected immune-mediated myositis in horses","volume":"21","author":"Lewis SS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lewis SS, Valberg SJ, Nielsen IL. Suspected immune-mediated myositis in horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21(3):495-503. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02996.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"572","article-title":"Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency in Quarter Horse foals","volume":"15","author":"Valberg SJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Valberg SJ, Ward TL, Rush B,  Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency in Quarter Horse foals. J Vet Intern Med. 2001;15(6):572-580. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2001.tb01593.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref24","series-title":"Mamm Genome","first-page":"570","article-title":"Glycogen branching enzyme (GBE1) mutation causing equine glycogen storage disease IV","volume":"15","author":"Ward TL","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ward TL, Valberg SJ, Adelson DL, Abbey CA, Binns MM, Mickelson JR. Glycogen branching enzyme (GBE1) mutation causing equine glycogen storage disease IV. Mamm Genome. 2004;15(7):570-577. doi:10.1007\/s00335-004-2369-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref25","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"207","article-title":"Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (\u201chyperelastosis cutis\u201d) in 50 horses: clinical, histological, immunohistological and ultrastructural findings","volume":"15","author":"White SD","year":"2004","unstructured":"White SD, Affolter VK, Bannasch DL,  Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (\u201chyperelastosis cutis\u201d) in 50 horses: clinical, histological, immunohistological and ultrastructural findings. Vet Dermatol. 2004;15(4):207-217. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2004.00402.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"437","article-title":"Inheritance of hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia in Quarter Horses","volume":"66","author":"Tryon RC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tryon RC, White SD, Famula TR, Schultheiss PC, Hamar DW, Bannasch DL. Inheritance of hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia in Quarter Horses. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66(3):437-442. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.437"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","series-title":"Genomics","first-page":"93","article-title":"Homozygosity mapping approach identifies a missense mutation in equine cyclophilin B (PPIB) associated with HERDA in the American Quarter Horse","volume":"90","author":"Tryon RC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tryon RC, White SD, Bannasch DL. Homozygosity mapping approach identifies a missense mutation in equine cyclophilin B (PPIB) associated with HERDA in the American Quarter Horse. Genomics. 2007;90(1):93-102. doi:10.1016\/j.ygeno.2007.03.009"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref28","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1808","article-title":"Clinicopathological and pedigree investigation of a novel spinocerebellar neurological disease in juvenile Quarter Horses in North America","volume":"38","author":"Willis AT","year":"2024","unstructured":"Willis AT, Dahlgren AR, Woolard KD,  Clinicopathological and pedigree investigation of a novel spinocerebellar neurological disease in juvenile Quarter Horses in North America. J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38(3):1808-1814. doi:10.1111\/jvim.17049"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref29","series-title":"PLoS Genet","first-page":"e1012158","article-title":"An intronic variant in ferredoxin reductase (FDXR) creates a cryptic exon in Quarter Horses with equine juvenile spinocerebellar ataxia","volume":"22","author":"Brown BN","year":"2026","unstructured":"Brown BN, Dahlgren AR, Ghosh S,  An intronic variant in ferredoxin reductase (FDXR) creates a cryptic exon in Quarter Horses with equine juvenile spinocerebellar ataxia. PLoS Genet. 2026;22(5):e1012158. doi:10.1371\/journal.pgen.1012158"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California-Davis","author":"Equine juvenile spinocerebellar ataxia (EJSCA)","unstructured":"Equine juvenile spinocerebellar ataxia (EJSCA). Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California-Davis. Accessed August 10, 2025. https:\/\/vgl.ucdavis.edu\/test\/equine-juvenile-spinocerebellar-ataxia-ejsca"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"120","article-title":"Evaluation of allele frequencies of inherited disease genes in subgroups of American Quarter Horses","volume":"234","author":"Tryon RC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tryon RC, Penedo MCT, McCue ME,  Evaluation of allele frequencies of inherited disease genes in subgroups of American Quarter Horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009;234(1):120-125. doi:10.2460\/javma.234.1.120"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref32","series-title":"Anim Genet","first-page":"329","article-title":"Linkage of the grey coat colour locus to microsatellites on horse chromosome 25","volume":"33","author":"Locke MM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Locke MM, Penedo MCT, Bricker SJ, Millon LV, Murray JD. Linkage of the grey coat colour locus to microsatellites on horse chromosome 25. Anim Genet. 2002;33(5):329-337. doi:10.1046\/j.1365-2052.2002.00885.x"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","first-page":"104129","article-title":"Prevalence of genetic mutations in horses with muscle disease from a neuromuscular disease laboratory","volume":"118","author":"Aleman M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aleman M, Scalco R, Malvick J, Grahn RA, True A, Bellone RR. Prevalence of genetic mutations in horses with muscle disease from a neuromuscular disease laboratory. J Equine Vet Sci. 2022;118:104129. doi:10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.104129"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref34","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"e70081","article-title":"Allele frequencies and genotypes for the ryanodine receptor 1 variant causing malignant hyperthermia and fatal rhabdomyolysis with hyperthermia in horses","volume":"39","author":"Aleman M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aleman M, McCue M, Bellone RR. Allele frequencies and genotypes for the ryanodine receptor 1 variant causing malignant hyperthermia and fatal rhabdomyolysis with hyperthermia in horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2025;39(3):e70081. doi:10.1111\/jvim.70081"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.04.0256\/javma.26.04.0256.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.04.0256\/javma.26.04.0256.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:11:59Z","timestamp":1787328719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.04.0256\/javma.26.04.0256.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.26.04.0256","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}