{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:54:41Z","timestamp":1792173281423,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Current American Heartworm Society guidelines characterize prescribing macrocyclic lactone preventives in the absence of antigen testing as \u201cNOT RECOMMENDED,\u201d regardless of compliance history or geographic prevalence. Number Needed to Screen, an established human preventive medicine framework applied here as a novel veterinary screening tool, has not previously been used to evaluate this guideline. Using county-level Companion Animal Parasite Council prevalence data and the compliance-gap distribution as a proxy, we derive geographically stratified Number Needed to Screen estimates varying approximately 25-fold across US states. A risk-stratified approach calibrated to local prevalence and compliance history merits prospective evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.04.0293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:26:36Z","timestamp":1785511596000},"page":"1536-1539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Is annual Dirofilaria immitis antigen testing at preventive renewal proportionate to the residual infection risk in documented-compliant dogs?"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Matt","family":"Horvath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HeartwormChoice.org, Tarpon Springs, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Canine guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs","unstructured":"Canine guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs. American Heartworm Society. Last modified 2024. Accessed June 29, 2026. https:\/\/www.heartwormsociety.org\/veterinary-resources\/american-heartworm-society-guidelines"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Parasite prevalence maps: heartworm canine","unstructured":"Parasite prevalence maps: heartworm canine. Companion Animal Parasite Council. Accessed June X, 2026. https:\/\/capcvet.org\/maps\/#\/2025\/all-year\/heartworm-canine\/dog\/united-states"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Parasitol.","first-page":"106","article-title":"Heartworm \u2018lack of effectiveness\u2019 claims in the Mississippi Delta: computerized analysis of owner compliance\u20142004-2011","volume":"206","author":"Atkins CE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Atkins CE, Murray MJ, Olavessen LJ, Burton KW, Marshall JW, Brooks CC. Heartworm \u2018lack of effectiveness\u2019 claims in the Mississippi Delta: computerized analysis of owner compliance\u20142004-2011. 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Front Vet Sci. 2024;10:1334497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1334497"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Veterinary exam and procedure costs","unstructured":"Veterinary exam and procedure costs. CareCredit. Accessed June 29, 2026. https:\/\/www.carecredit.com\/vetmed\/costs"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"CareCredit Well U","article-title":"Heartworm in dogs: causes, symptoms and treatments","author":"Beal A","unstructured":"Beal A. Heartworm in dogs: causes, symptoms and treatments. CareCredit Well U. Published February 13, 2026. Accessed June 29, 2026. https:\/\/www.carecredit.com\/well-u\/pet-care\/what-is-heartworm-disease"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Criteria for data inclusion","unstructured":"Criteria for data inclusion. Companion Animal Parasite Council. Accessed June 29, 2026. https:\/\/capcvet.org\/articles\/capc-parasite-prevalence-maps-criteria-for-data-inclusion\/"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Understanding the maps: Key factors that influence the results","unstructured":"Understanding the maps: Key factors that influence the results. Companion Animal Parasite Council. Accessed June 29, 2026. https:\/\/capcvet.org\/articles\/understanding-the-maps-key-factors-that-influence-the-results\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"264","article-title":"Factors influencing U.S. canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) prevalence","volume":"7","author":"Wang D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang D, Bowman DD, Brown HE,  Factors influencing U.S. canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) prevalence. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7(1):264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-7-264"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist","first-page":"100604","article-title":"Surveillance of single nucleotide polymorphisms correlated to macrocyclic lactone resistance in Dirofilaria immitis from client-owned dogs across the United States","volume":"29","author":"Curry E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Curry E, Tack D, Rodriguez J,  Surveillance of single nucleotide polymorphisms correlated to macrocyclic lactone resistance in Dirofilaria immitis from client-owned dogs across the United States. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2025;29:100604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2025.100604"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref12","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"1279","article-title":"Heartworm resistance","volume":"52","author":"Gyles C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gyles C. Heartworm resistance. Can Vet J. 2011;52(12):1279-1280."},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports","first-page":"101338","article-title":"Evaluation of the drug-resistance genotypes of Dirofilaria immitis infections in Ontario dogs (2015-2016)","volume":"64","author":"Engell D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Engell D, Peregrine AS, Bourguinat C,  Evaluation of the drug-resistance genotypes of Dirofilaria immitis infections in Ontario dogs (2015-2016). Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2025;64:101338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2025.101338"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist","first-page":"100549","article-title":"First case of macrocyclic lactone-resistant Dirofilaria immitis in Europe, cause for concern","volume":"25","author":"Traversa D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Traversa D, Diakou A, Colombo M,  First case of macrocyclic lactone-resistant Dirofilaria immitis in Europe, cause for concern. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2024;25:100549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2024.100549"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"ref15","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"482","article-title":"Efficacy of oral moxidectin against susceptible and resistant isolates of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs","volume":"10","author":"McTier TL","year":"2017","unstructured":"McTier TL, Six RH, Pullins A,  Efficacy of oral moxidectin against susceptible and resistant isolates of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(suppl 2):482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2429-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","series-title":"Top Companion Anim Med","first-page":"160","article-title":"Macrocyclic lactones and Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae","volume":"26","author":"Bowman DD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bowman DD, Mannella C. Macrocyclic lactones and Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae. 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