{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T13:18:57Z","timestamp":1788182337865,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate changes in characteristics of dogs diagnosed with canine parvovirus (CPV) disease presenting to a national network of primary care veterinary hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Records were searched from January 1, 2010, through June 30, 2023. Data were collected on signalment, clinical signs, laboratory results, and mortality for CPV-affected dogs. Variables were assessed via stepwise logistic regression models for association with mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across &gt; 1,000 hospitals, CPV was diagnosed in 78,977 dogs, declining from 45.2 cases per 10,000 dogs per year in 2010 to 6.5 cases per 10,000 dogs per year in 2022. Diagnoses were greatest in April to June, while 46.3% of cases were aged between 8 and 16 weeks. From 2010 to 2022, median age at diagnosis declined from 17 to 14 weeks. The most commonly affected breeds were pit bull\u2013type dog, Chihuahua, Labrador Retriever, German Shepherd Dog, and mixed breed (combined, 54.3% of the study population). Of 37,707 patients with 14-day survival information, 43.6% died or were euthanized. Being neutered or spayed (OR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.08), having increased body weight, or having multiple intestinal parasites significantly reduced odds of mortality. Variables significantly associated with increased odds of mortality were hypoproteinemia (OR, 4.44; 95% CI, 2.01 to 9.81), underweight (OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.40 to \u20136.36), lymphopenia, leukopenia, and increased ALT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number of CPV cases and mortality declined over the study period. However, CPV infections still occur in thousands of dogs annually, and risks of mortality persist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs remain at risk of fatal CPV infection. Identification of mortality-associated factors may allow more targeted interventions and improve prognostic capabilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.05.0332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T12:41:31Z","timestamp":1788180091000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Canine parvovirus cases (2010\u20132023): a retrospective study of 78,977 cases demonstrates declining incidence, but mortality risk remains"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"JoAnn","family":"Morrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mars Veterinary Health, Vancouver, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris M.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd M.","family":"Kollasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill C.","family":"Pattee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ryan Mitchell Associates LLC, Westfield, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moore Veterinary Consulting LLC, Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"7-8","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health","first-page":"303","article-title":"An annotated historical account of canine parvovirus","volume":"52","author":"Carmichael LE","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carmichael LE. An annotated historical account of canine parvovirus. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2005;52(7-8):303-311. doi:10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2005.00868.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Res","first-page":"39","article-title":"The emergence of parvoviruses of carnivores","volume":"41","author":"Hoelzer K","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoelzer K, Parrish CR. The emergence of parvoviruses of carnivores. Vet Res. 2010;41(6):39. doi:10.1051\/vetres\/2010011"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","series-title":"Cornell Vet","first-page":"123","article-title":"Canine viral enteritis. I: status report on corona- and parvo-like viral enteritides","volume":"69","author":"Appel MJ","year":"1979","unstructured":"Appel MJ, Cooper BJ, Greisen H, Scott F, Carmichael LE. Canine viral enteritis. I: status report on corona- and parvo-like viral enteritides. Cornell Vet. 1979;69(3):123-133."},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Greene\u2019s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","first-page":"341","article-title":"Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides","author":"Parrish CR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parrish CR, Sykes JE. Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides. In: Sykes JE, ed. Greene\u2019s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2023:341\u2013351."},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"108760","article-title":"Canine parvovirus vaccination and immunisation failures: are we far from disease eradication?","volume":"247","author":"Decaro N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Decaro N, Buonavoglia C, Barrs VR. Canine parvovirus vaccination and immunisation failures: are we far from disease eradication? Vet Microbiol. 2020;247:108760. doi:10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108760"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"2022 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines (2024 update)","volume":"60","author":"Ellis J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ellis J, Marziani E, Aziz C,  2022 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines (2024 update). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2024;60(6):1-19. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7468"},{"issue":"49","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"7322","article-title":"Assessing vaccine hesitancy and support for vaccination requirements for pets and potential spillovers from humans","volume":"41","author":"Haeder SF","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haeder SF. Assessing vaccine hesitancy and support for vaccination requirements for pets and potential spillovers from humans. Vaccine. 2023;41(49):7322-7332. doi:10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.10.061"},{"issue":"41","key":"ref8","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"5946","article-title":"Sick as a dog? The prevalence, politicization, and health policy consequences of canine vaccine hesitancy (CVH)","volume":"41","author":"Motta M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Motta M, Motta G, Stecula D. Sick as a dog? The prevalence, politicization, and health policy consequences of canine vaccine hesitancy (CVH). Vaccine. 2023;41(41):5946-5950. doi:10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.08.059"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"State of Pet Health 2014 Report","author":"Banfield Pet Hospital","year":"2014","unstructured":"Banfield Pet Hospital. State of Pet Health 2014 Report. Banfield Pet Hospital; 2014."},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases","first-page":"141","article-title":"Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides","author":"Sykes JE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sykes JE. Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides. In: Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. Elsevier\/Saunders; 2014:141\u201351. doi:10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0795-3.00014-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"542","article-title":"Risk factors associated with parvovirus enteritis in dogs: 283 cases (1982-1991)","volume":"208","author":"Houston DM","year":"1996","unstructured":"Houston DM, Ribble CS, Head LL. Risk factors associated with parvovirus enteritis in dogs: 283 cases (1982-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996;208(4):542-546. doi:10.2460\/javma.1996.208.04.542"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"104816","article-title":"Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia","volume":"174","author":"Kelman M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kelman M, Barrs VR, Norris JM, Ward MP. Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia. Prev Vet Med. 2020;174:104816. doi:10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104816"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"589","article-title":"Breed-related risk factors for canine parvovirus enteritis","volume":"187","author":"Glickman LT","year":"1985","unstructured":"Glickman LT, Domanski LM, Patronek GJ, Visintainer F. Breed-related risk factors for canine parvovirus enteritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;187(6):589-594. doi:10.2460\/javma.1985.187.06.589"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Most popular dog breeds","author":"American Kennel Club","unstructured":"American Kennel Club. Most popular dog breeds. Accessed March 13, 2026. https:\/\/www.akc.org\/most-popular-breeds\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"277","article-title":"2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats\u2014compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA)","volume":"65","author":"Squires RA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Squires RA, Crawford C, Marcondes M, Whitley N. 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats\u2014compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA). J Small Anim Pract. 2024;65(5):277-316. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13718"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref16","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"885","article-title":"Clinical, hematological, and biochemical findings in puppies with coronavirus and parvovirus enteritis","volume":"54","author":"Castro TX","year":"2013","unstructured":"Castro TX, Cubel Garcia RCN, Gon\u00e7alves LPS,  Clinical, hematological, and biochemical findings in puppies with coronavirus and parvovirus enteritis. Can Vet J. 2013;54(9):885-888."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"309","article-title":"Prognostic usefulness of blood leukocyte changes in canine parvoviral enteritis","volume":"22","author":"Goddard A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goddard A, Leisewitz AL, Christopher MM, Duncan NM, Becker PJ. Prognostic usefulness of blood leukocyte changes in canine parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(2):309-316. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0073.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"161","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of hematological ratios in canine parvovirosis: 401 cases","volume":"38","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez A, Cristobal-Verdejo JI, L\u00f3pez-Espinar C,  Retrospective evaluation of hematological ratios in canine parvovirosis: 401 cases. J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38(1):161-166. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16972"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"59","article-title":"Factors affecting the occurrence of canine parvovirus in dogs","volume":"180","author":"Miranda C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miranda C, Carvalheira J, Parrish CR, Thompson G. Factors affecting the occurrence of canine parvovirus in dogs. Vet Microbiol. 2015;180(1-2):59-64. doi:10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.08.002"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref20","series-title":"Kleintierpraxis","first-page":"417","article-title":"The influence of parvovirus infection and other factors on the survival of dogs with haemorrhagic diarrhoea","volume":"55","author":"Brinke N","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brinke N, Neiger R. The influence of parvovirus infection and other factors on the survival of dogs with haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Kleintierpraxis. 2010;55(8):417-422."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"280","article-title":"Risk factors for death from canine parvoviral-related disease in Australia","volume":"158","author":"Ling M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ling M, Norris JM, Kelman M, Ward MP. Risk factors for death from canine parvoviral-related disease in Australia. Vet Microbiol. 2012;158(3-4):280-290. doi:10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.02.034"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Ital","article-title":"Prognostic indicators for canine parvoviral enteritis in a teaching hospital in Italy: a retrospective study of 76 cases","volume":"60","author":"Maggi G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maggi G, Ceccarelli C, Porciello F, Marenzoni ML, Caivano D, Marchesi MC. Prognostic indicators for canine parvoviral enteritis in a teaching hospital in Italy: a retrospective study of 76 cases. Vet Ital. 2024;60(2):10.12834\/VetIt.3122.22998.2. doi:10.12834\/VetIt.3122.22998.2"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"52","article-title":"Evaluation of an outpatient protocol in the treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis","volume":"27","author":"Venn EC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Venn EC, Preisner K, Boscan PL, Twedt DC, Sullivan LA. Evaluation of an outpatient protocol in the treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2017;27(1):52-65. doi:10.1111\/vec.12561"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Shelter Med Community Health","first-page":"159","article-title":"Canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody and length of treatment, cost of treatment, and mortality in a shelter setting","volume":"4","author":"Hornback S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hornback S, Ferrell E. Canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody and length of treatment, cost of treatment, and mortality in a shelter setting. J Shelter Med Community Health. 2025;4:159. doi:10.56771\/jsmcah.v4.159"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.05.0332\/javma.26.05.0332.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.05.0332\/javma.26.05.0332.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T12:41:31Z","timestamp":1788180091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.05.0332\/javma.26.05.0332.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":24,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.26.05.0332","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}}}