{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:42:37Z","timestamp":1787330557859,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the importance human and veterinary providers and nonproviders place on One Health interprofessional collaboration and identify factors associated with provider comfort in making cross-species referrals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An online, cross-sectional survey was given to human and veterinary providers via professional associations and snowball sampling (January to February 2025) and to nonproviders via a nationally representative panel. Analyses included frequencies, ordinal logistic regression, and \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,660 respondents were enrolled (144 human providers, 50 veterinary providers, 1,466 nonproviders). Among human providers, pet ownership was associated with higher importance for pet-ownership inquiry (OR, 3.44; range, 1.53 to 7.70), cross-species care inquiry (OR, 2.29; range, 1.09 to 4.78), and greater comfort making cross-species referrals (OR, 2.18; range, 1.04 to 4.57). Specialty human providers assigned lower importance to both inquiries versus primary human providers, with ORs of 0.46 (range, 0.21 to 1.00) and 0.45 (range, 0.21 to 0.98), respectively. Among veterinary providers, viewing client health as a proxy for patient health was statistically significantly associated with greater referral comfort (OR, 4.39; range, 1.11 to 17.36).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pet ownership among human providers is the strongest predictor of engagement with One Health inquiry and referral. Specialty human providers are a key gap One Health training opportunity. Veterinary providers who frame client wellness as relevant to patient health show markedly higher comfort with client referral to a human provider.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Questions about pet ownership and cross-species health may yield relevant insights for providers. Incorporating One Health inquiries into standard intakes could improve patient\/client outcomes and advance interprofessional collaboration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.05.0429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:12:06Z","timestamp":1787328726000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pet-ownership inquiry and cross-species referral are clinically relevant priorities for human and veterinary medical care providers: a cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2087-9645","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Crocker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Family & Community Health Program, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6774-9608","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Austin B.","family":"Byrd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Regional Orthopedic Center, Austin, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6430-4070","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cindy","family":"Cloud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hub City Veterinary Clinic, Lubbock, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5718-753X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryan Blake","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"Soc Sci J","first-page":"110","article-title":"Examining U.S. pet ownership using the General Social Survey","volume":"60","author":"Applebaum JW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Applebaum JW, Peek CW, Zsembik BA. Examining U.S. pet ownership using the General Social Survey. Soc Sci J. 2023;60(1):110-119. doi:10.1080\/03623319.2020.1728507"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Front Psychol","first-page":"920559","article-title":"Pet ownership issues encountered by geriatric professionals: preliminary findings from an interdisciplinary sample","volume":"13","author":"Bibbo J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bibbo J, Johnson J, Drost JC, Sanders M, Nicolay S. Pet ownership issues encountered by geriatric professionals: preliminary findings from an interdisciplinary sample. Front Psychol. 2022;13:920559. doi:10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.920559"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","series-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci","first-page":"236","article-title":"The impact of pets on human health and psychological well-being: fact, fiction, or hypothesis?","volume":"20","author":"Herzog H","year":"2011","unstructured":"Herzog H. The impact of pets on human health and psychological well-being: fact, fiction, or hypothesis? Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2011;20(4):236-239. doi:10.1177\/0963721411415220"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Inquiry","first-page":"46958017734030","article-title":"Asking about pets enhances patient communication and care: a pilot study","volume":"54","author":"Hodgson K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hodgson K, Darling M, Freeman D, Monavvari A. Asking about pets enhances patient communication and care: a pilot study. Inquiry. 2017;54:46958017734030. doi:10.1177\/0046958017734030"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref5","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"3789","article-title":"A One Health perspective on the human-companion animal relationship with emphasis on zoonotic aspects","volume":"17","author":"Overgaauw PAM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Overgaauw PAM, Vinke CM, Hagen MAEV, Lipman LJA. A One Health perspective on the human-companion animal relationship with emphasis on zoonotic aspects. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3789. doi:10.3390\/ijerph17113789"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"One Health: The Human-Animal-Environment Interfaces in Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Concept and Examples of a One Health Approach","article-title":"One Health and emerging infectious diseases: clinical perspectives","volume":"365","author":"Rabinowitz P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rabinowitz P, Conti L. One Health and emerging infectious diseases: clinical perspectives. In: Mackenzie JS, Jeggo M, Daszak P, Richt JA, eds. One Health: The Human-Animal-Environment Interfaces in Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Concept and Examples of a One Health Approach. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2013. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology; vol 365. doi:10.1007\/978-3-642-36889-9"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref7","series-title":"Aging Ment Health","first-page":"1377","article-title":"The role of pets in the support systems of community-dwelling older adults: a qualitative systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Reniers PWA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reniers PWA, Declercq IJN, Hediger K, Enders-Slegers MJ, Gerritsen DL, Leontjevas R. The role of pets in the support systems of community-dwelling older adults: a qualitative systematic review. Aging Ment Health. 2023;27(7):1377-1387. doi:10.1080\/13607863.2022.2141196"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","series-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s","first-page":"169","article-title":"The state of research on human-animal relations: implications for human health","volume":"32","author":"Wells DL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wells DL. The state of research on human-animal relations: implications for human health. Anthrozo\u00f6s. 2019;32(2):169-181. doi:10.1080\/08927936.2019.1569902"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","series-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s","first-page":"455","article-title":"The human-animal interaction scale: development and evaluation","volume":"29","author":"Fournier AK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fournier AK, Berry TD, Letson E, Chanen R. The human-animal interaction scale: development and evaluation. Anthrozo\u00f6s. 2016;29(3):455-467. doi:10.1080\/08927936.2016.1181372"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Marital Fam Ther","first-page":"165","article-title":"The role of family therapists in veterinary medicine: opportunities for clinical services, education, and research","volume":"33","author":"Hafen M Jr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hafen M Jr, Rush BR, Reisbig AMJ, McDaniel KZ, White MB. The role of family therapists in veterinary medicine: opportunities for clinical services, education, and research. J Marital Fam Ther. 2007;33(2):165-176. doi:10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2007.00014.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"332","article-title":"Pet ownership and quality of life: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Scoresby KJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scoresby KJ, Strand EB, Ng Z,  Pet ownership and quality of life: a systematic review of the literature. Vet Sci. 2021;8(12):332. doi:10.3390\/vetsci8120332"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res","first-page":"623203","article-title":"The benefit of pets and animal-assisted therapy to the health of older individuals","volume":"2014","author":"Cherniack EP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cherniack EP, Cherniack AR. The benefit of pets and animal-assisted therapy to the health of older individuals. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2014;2014:623203. doi:10.1155\/2014\/623203"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","series-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s","first-page":"255","article-title":"Pet ownership and human-animal interaction in an aging population: rewards and challenges","volume":"32","author":"Enders-Slegers MJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Enders-Slegers MJ, Hediger K. Pet ownership and human-animal interaction in an aging population: rewards and challenges. Anthrozo\u00f6s. 2019;32(2):255-265. doi:10.1080\/08927936.2019.1569907"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"619600","article-title":"Variability in human-animal interaction research","volume":"7","author":"Rodriguez KE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodriguez KE, Herzog H, Gee NR. Variability in human-animal interaction research. Front Vet Sci. 2021;7:619600. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2020.619600"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Holist Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"16","article-title":"Companion animals and human health: the human-animal interaction","volume":"66","author":"Dohmen L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dohmen L. Companion animals and human health: the human-animal interaction. J Am Holist Vet Med Assoc. 2022;66:16-23."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"305","article-title":"Human-animal interaction as a social determinant of health: descriptive findings from the health and retirement study","volume":"18","author":"Mueller MK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mueller MK, Gee NR, Bures RM. Human-animal interaction as a social determinant of health: descriptive findings from the health and retirement study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):305. doi:10.1186\/s12889-018-5188-0"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"807186","article-title":"Beyond zoonoses in One Health: non-communicable diseases across the animal kingdom","volume":"9","author":"Natterson-Horowitz B","year":"2022","unstructured":"Natterson-Horowitz B, Desmarchelier M, Winkler AS, Carabin H. Beyond zoonoses in One Health: non-communicable diseases across the animal kingdom. Front Public Health. 2022;9:807186. doi:10.3389\/fpubh.2021.807186"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"333","article-title":"Dog obesity: owner attitudes and behaviour","volume":"92","author":"Bland IM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bland IM, Guthrie-Jones A, Taylor RD, Hill J. Dog obesity: owner attitudes and behaviour. Prev Vet Med. 2009;92(4):333-340. doi:10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.08.016"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)","first-page":"166","article-title":"Risk factors associated with excess body weight in dogs in the UK","volume":"91","author":"Holmes KL","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holmes KL, Morris PJ, Abdulla Z, Hackett R, Rawlings JM. Risk factors associated with excess body weight in dogs in the UK. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2007;91(3-4):166-167. doi:10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2007.00680_9.x"},{"issue":"4286","key":"ref20","series-title":"Science","first-page":"129","article-title":"The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine","volume":"196","author":"Engel GL","year":"1977","unstructured":"Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977;196(4286):129-136. doi:10.1126\/science.847460"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Disease","first-page":"1","article-title":"The biopsychosocial model 40 years on","author":"Bolton D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bolton D, Gillett G. The biopsychosocial model 40 years on. In: The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Disease. Palgrave Pivot\/Springer Nature Publishing; 2019:1\u201343. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-11899-0_1"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"293","article-title":"The human-companion animal bond: how humans benefit","volume":"39","author":"Friedmann E","year":"2009","unstructured":"Friedmann E, Son H. The human-companion animal bond: how humans benefit. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009;39(2):293-326. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.10.015"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref23","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"847","article-title":"The vetting process","volume":"18","author":"Gammon K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gammon K. The vetting process. Nat Med. 2012;18(6):847-849. doi:10.1038\/nm0612-847. Published correction appears in Nat Med. 2012;18(7):995."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","series-title":"J Vet Med Educ","first-page":"423","article-title":"Perceptions of the veterinary profession among human health care students before an inter-professional education course at Midwestern University","volume":"45","author":"Englar RE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Englar RE, Show-Ridgway A, Noah DL, Appelt E, Kosinski R. Perceptions of the veterinary profession among human health care students before an inter-professional education course at Midwestern University. J Vet Med Educ. 2018;45(3):423-436. doi:10.3138\/jvme.1016-161r1"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1556","article-title":"Legal implications of zoonoses for clinical veterinarians","volume":"233","author":"Babcock S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Babcock S, Marsh AE, Lin J, Scott J. Legal implications of zoonoses for clinical veterinarians. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;233(10):1556-1562. doi:10.2460\/javma.233.10.1556"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","series-title":"J Interprof Care","first-page":"323","article-title":"Interprofessional initiatives between the human health professions and veterinary medical students: a scoping review","volume":"28","author":"Courtenay M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Courtenay M, Conrad P, Wilkes M, La Ragione R, Fitzpatrick N. Interprofessional initiatives between the human health professions and veterinary medical students: a scoping review. J Interprof Care. 2014;28(4):323-330. doi:10.3109\/13561820.2014.895979"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"159","article-title":"Preventing zoonotic diseases in immunocompromised persons: the role of physicians and veterinarians","volume":"5","author":"Grant S","year":"1999","unstructured":"Grant S, Olsen CW. Preventing zoonotic diseases in immunocompromised persons: the role of physicians and veterinarians. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5(1):159-163. doi:10.3201\/eid0501.990121"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref28","series-title":"J Vet Med Educ","first-page":"14","article-title":"One Health-one education: medical and veterinary inter-professional training","volume":"46","author":"Wilkes MS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilkes MS, Conrad PA, Winer JN. One Health-one education: medical and veterinary inter-professional training. J Vet Med Educ. 2019;46(1):14-20. doi:10.3138\/jvme.1116-171r"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref29","series-title":"J Am Board Fam Med","first-page":"526","article-title":"Pets\u2019 impact on your patients\u2019 health: leveraging benefits and mitigating risk","volume":"28","author":"Hodgson K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hodgson K, Barton L, Darling M, Antao V, Kim FA, Monavvari A. Pets\u2019 impact on your patients\u2019 health: leveraging benefits and mitigating risk. J Am Board Fam Med. 2015;28(4):526-534. doi:10.3122\/jabfm.2015.04.140254"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Qualtrics","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qualtrics.. Qualtrics LLC; 2024. Accessed March 2025. https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","series-title":"Sociol Methods Res","first-page":"141","article-title":"Snowball sampling: problems and techniques of chain referral sampling","volume":"10","author":"Biernacki P","year":"1981","unstructured":"Biernacki P, Waldorf D. Snowball sampling: problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociol Methods Res. 1981;10(2):141-163. doi:10.1177\/004912418101000205"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Age and sex","year":"2023","unstructured":"Age and sex. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables, Table S0101. United States Census Bureau. 2023. Accessed January 27, 2025. https:\/\/data.census.gov\/table\/ACSST1Y2023.S0101"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"R","year":"2024","unstructured":"R. Version 4.4.2. The R Foundation; 2024. Accessed March 2025. https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref34","series-title":"Diagnosis (Berl)","first-page":"374","article-title":"Interprofessional clinical reasoning education","volume":"11","author":"Eriksen T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eriksen T, G\u00f6genur I. Interprofessional clinical reasoning education. Diagnosis (Berl). 2024;11(4):374-379. doi:10.1515\/dx-2024-0059"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.05.0429\/javma.26.05.0429.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.05.0429\/javma.26.05.0429.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:12:06Z","timestamp":1787328726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.05.0429\/javma.26.05.0429.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.26.05.0429","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}